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This review presents an approach to the clinical investigation and common causes of infertility and subfertility in the male and female. The selection of males for breeding should be made based on complete evaluation to eliminate congenital and possibly hereditary disorders. Common disorders of the male reproductive system include testicular hypoplasia, testicular and epididymal cysts and testicular degeneration. Semen evaluation presents some challenges owing to the viscous nature of the ejaculate in these species. Females should be screened for congenital genital defects before breeding. Causes of subfertility in the female are dominated by ovarian and uterine disorders. A systematic clinical approach and the use of endometrial biopsy and advanced techniques, such as laparoscopy, allow early identification of these disorders. Further research is needed for continued understanding of the reproductive pathological processes in these species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/rd20257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T21:41:43Z","timestamp":1610055703000},"page":"20-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Investigation of male and female infertility in llamas and alpacas"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Tibary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AComparative Theriogenology Service, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6610, USA."},{"name":"BCenter for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6610, USA."},{"name":"ECorresponding author. 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