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In particular, the uterine innate immune response is crucial from the perspectives of both the sperm and the uterus. Following insemination, sperm immediately start to trigger inflammation in the uterus by entering uterine glands and activating an innate immune response. In cattle, the activation occurs mainly via TLR2 signalling, if not the only one, between sperm and the uterine epithelium lining the glands. This acute immune response is manifested as the upregulation of mRNA expression of IL8, TNFA, IL1B, and PGES. As a consequence, many sperm are trapped by polymorphonuclear neutrophils, the first and major component of innate immunity. The sperm-induced uterine innate immune responses apparently serve to clear the uterus of excess sperm and, importantly, prepare the endometrium for implantation. Pathophysiological conditions in the uterus seriously disrupt this phenomenon, and thus could directly decrease fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/rd21265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T23:33:26Z","timestamp":1633995206000},"page":"139-148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Sperm interaction with the uterine innate immune system: toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a main sensor in cattle"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Ihshan","family":"Akthar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AGlobal Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Marey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGlobal Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan."},{"name":"BDepartment of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Behera, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yejin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGlobal Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CGraduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan S.","family":"Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akio","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGlobal Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl","key":"2025102820264614300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p. 27","DOI":"10.14882\/jrds.113.0_P-27","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 of bull sperm and uterus co-regulates sperm sensing by uterine gland to trigger the innate immune responses. 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