{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:28:16Z","timestamp":1773307696438,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":718,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and glutathione peroxidase 5 (GPX5) are biomarkers of oxidative stress and stress in temperate, tropical environments, which are crucial for male reproduction. Their expression and distribution patterns in the testis and epididymis of Bactrian camels are still unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to investigate the HSP70 and GPX5 expression and localisation in 3- and 6-year-old Bactrian camel testis and epididymis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect HSP70 in the testis and epididymis (caput, corpus and cauda) and GPX5 in the epididymis at two developmental stages (3-year-old puberty group and 6-year-old adult group).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HSP70 was upregulated in the testis. Immunohistochemistry results indicated the HSP70 protein was mainly detected in spermatids and Leydig cells of testicular tissue. In the epididymis, HSP70 was located at the luminal spermatozoa, the epithelium lining the epididymal and the epididymal interstitium. GPX5 expression was significantly higher in the caput epididymis than in the corpus and cauda epididymis. GPX5 protein was observed in the epithelium lining the epididymal, interstitium and luminal spermatozoa in the epididymis by immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bactrian camel HSP70 and GPX5 exhibited spatiotemporal expression specificity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HSP70 and GPX5 may be essential for germ cell development and reproductive success after sexual maturation in Sonid Bactrian camels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/rd23026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T20:42:02Z","timestamp":1686256922000},"page":"552-562","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Differential expression and localisation of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and glutathione peroxidase 5 (GPX5) in the testis and epididymis of Sonid Bactrian camels"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Gaowa","family":"Hasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ACollege of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liyasu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCollege of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Akershus, Norway."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tserennadmid","family":"Sodnompil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACollege of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruhan","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACollege of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rihan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACollege of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACollege of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haya","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACollege of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hejie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACollege of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Musi","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACollege of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wangwei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACollege of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8868-4587","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Narenhua","family":"Nasenochir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACollege of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China."},{"name":"CKey Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2025102820313924100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39688","article-title":"Gpx5 protects the family jewels.","volume":"119","author":"Aitken","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"2025102820313924100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(00)00134-2","article-title":"Reproduction in old world camels.","volume":"60\u201361","author":"Al Eknah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Animal Reproduction Science"},{"issue":"17","key":"2025102820313924100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13844","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding catalysis of protein folding by molecular chaperones.","volume":"594","author":"Balchin","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025102820313924100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162958","article-title":"Glutathione peroxidase 5 is expressed by the entire pig male genital tract and once in the seminal plasma contributes to sperm survival and in vivo fertility.","volume":"11","author":"Barranco","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"19","key":"2025102820313924100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21037\/amj.2018.01.06","article-title":"Role of the reactive oxygen species induced DNA damage in human spermatozoa dysfunction.","volume":"3","author":"Bibov","year":"2018","journal-title":"AME Medical Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025102820313924100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38940","article-title":"Epididymis seleno-independent glutathione peroxidase 5 maintains sperm DNA integrity in mice.","volume":"119","author":"Chabory","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102820313924100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.8.3264","article-title":"Targeted gene disruption of Hsp70-2 results in failed meiosis, germ cell apoptosis, and male infertility.","volume":"93","author":"Dix","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"22","key":"2025102820313924100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4595","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.22.4595","article-title":"HSP70-2 is required for desynapsis of synaptonemal complexes during meiotic prophase in juvenile and adult mouse spermatocytes.","volume":"124","author":"Dix","year":"1997","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025102820313924100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3660","article-title":"Protein rescue from aggregates by powerful molecular chaperone machines.","volume":"14","author":"Doyle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102820313924100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-020-00176-z","article-title":"How many large camelids in the world? A synthetic analysis of the world camel demographic changes.","volume":"10","author":"Faye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102820313924100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)02892-8","article-title":"Decreased expression of the heat shock protein hsp70-2 is associated with the pathogenesis of male infertility.","volume":"76","author":"Feng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"2025102820313924100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.35495\/ajab.2019.12.591","article-title":"Genital histomorphometrical evaluation and survey on reproductive traits of male camel (Camelus dromedarius) in relation to the pubertal age under extreme arid conditions.","volume":"8","author":"Gherissi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102820313924100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/01485010120937","article-title":"Reproductive parameters of male dromedary and bactrian camels.","volume":"46","author":"Hafez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archives of Andrology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102820313924100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3330005","article-title":"The majority of human glutathione peroxidase type 5 (GPX5) transcripts are incorrectly spliced: implications for the role of GPX5 in the male reproductive tract.","volume":"333","author":"Hall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochemical Journal"},{"issue":"7356","key":"2025102820313924100_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10317","article-title":"Molecular chaperones in protein folding and proteostasis.","volume":"475","author":"Hartl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102820313924100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.012989","article-title":"Immunophysiology and pathology of inflammation in the testis and epididymis.","volume":"32","author":"Hedger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025102820313924100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.04.024","article-title":"Developmental changes of heat-shock proteins in porcine testis by a proteomic analysis.","volume":"64","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102820313924100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2017.68528","article-title":"Antioxidant enzyme expression of mRNA and protein in the epididymis of finasteride-treated male rat offspring during postnatal development.","volume":"15","author":"Kolasa-Wolosiuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archives of Medical Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102820313924100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02481-6","article-title":"Morphometric, haematological and physio-biochemical characterization of Bactrian (Camelus bactrianus) camel at high altitude.","volume":"16","author":"Lamo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102820313924100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gah027","article-title":"Expression of heat shock protein 70 in normal and cryptorchid human excurrent duct.","volume":"10","author":"L\u00e9gar\u00e9","year":"2004","journal-title":"Molecular Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025102820313924100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.18.0015","article-title":"Expression of selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase 5 (GPx5) in the epididymis of Small Tail Han sheep.","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences"},{"key":"2025102820313924100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/393371","article-title":"Regulation by HSP70\/90 in the different tissues and testis development of male cattle (Cattle-yak and Yak) [Preprint].","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102820313924100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-??CT method.","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102820313924100_R25","first-page":"129","article-title":"Camels\u2019 reproductive and physiological performance traits as affected by environmental conditions.","volume":"10","author":"Marai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems"},{"issue":"20","key":"2025102820313924100_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12202739","article-title":"Effect of dimethylacetamide concentration on motility, quality, antioxidant biomarkers, anti-freeze gene expression, and fertilizing ability of frozen\/thawed rooster sperm.","volume":"12","author":"Mehaisen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2025102820313924100_R27"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102820313924100_R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgt111","article-title":"The HSP70 family and cancer.","volume":"34","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2025102820313924100_R29"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102820313924100_R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.110.012823","article-title":"Glutathione peroxidases at work on epididymal spermatozoa: an example of the dual effect of reactive oxygen species on mammalian male fertilizing ability.","volume":"32","author":"Noblanc","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"Suppl. Issue","key":"2025102820313924100_R31","first-page":"61","article-title":"Recent achievements for improving reproductive efficiency of dromedary camels in Egypt.","volume":"57","author":"Rateb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egyptian Journal of Animal Production"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102820313924100_R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.10136","article-title":"GPX5 is present in the mouse caput and cauda epididymidis lumen at three different locations.","volume":"63","author":"Rejraji","year":"2002","journal-title":"Molecular Reproduction and Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102820313924100_R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-014-0548-x","article-title":"Expression, function, and regulation of the testis-enriched heat shock HSPA2 gene in rodents and humans.","volume":"20","author":"Scieglinska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Stress and Chaperones"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102820313924100_R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-011-0791-5","article-title":"Differential expression of HSPA1 and HSPA2 proteins in human tissues; tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical study.","volume":"135","author":"Scieglinska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Histochemistry and Cell Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102820313924100_R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9051263","article-title":"Membrane-associated heat shock proteins in oncology: from basic research to new theranostic targets.","volume":"9","author":"Shevtsov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102820313924100_R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)00496-9","article-title":"Repression of hspA2 messenger RNA in human testes with abnormal spermatogenesis.","volume":"73","author":"Son","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102820313924100_R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmw015","article-title":"The human epididymis: its function in sperm maturation.","volume":"22","author":"Sullivan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Human Reproduction Update"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025102820313924100_R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det237","article-title":"Epididymal specific, selenium-independent GPX5 protects cells from oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation and DNA mutation.","volume":"28","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102820313924100_R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1098-2795(199705)47:1%3C87::aid-mrd12%3E3.0.co;2-x","article-title":"Tissue and developmental distribution, dependence upon testicular factors and attachment to spermatozoa of GPX5, a murine epididymis-specific glutathione peroxidase.","volume":"47","author":"Vernet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Molecular Reproduction and Development"},{"issue":"1546","key":"2025102820313924100_R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0258","article-title":"Non-classical actions of testosterone and spermatogenesis.","volume":"365","author":"Walker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102820313924100_R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.12.041","article-title":"Widespread proteome remodeling and aggregation in aging C. elegans.","volume":"168","author":"Walther","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025102820313924100_R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.145029","article-title":"Distinct expression and localization patterns of HSP70 in developmental reproductive organs of rams.","volume":"760","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102820313924100_R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-011-1151-4","article-title":"Developmental expression of heat shock proteins 60, 70, 90, and A2 in rabbit testis.","volume":"344","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell and Tissue Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102820313924100_R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090887","article-title":"The increase in phosphorylation levels of serine residues of protein HSP70 during holding time at 17\u00b0C is concomitant with a higher cryotolerance of boar spermatozoa.","volume":"9","author":"Yeste","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102820313924100_R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-020-02341-3","article-title":"Correction to: Camelids: new players in the international animal production context.","volume":"52","author":"Zarrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production"},{"key":"2025102820313924100_R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2015.04.008","article-title":"Composition and characteristics of Chinese Bactrian camel milk.","volume":"127","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102820313924100_R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22081224","article-title":"Extracts obtained from Pterocarpus angolensis DC and Ziziphus mucronata exhibit antiplasmodial activity and inhibit heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) function.","volume":"22","author":"Zininga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"}],"container-title":["Reproduction, Fertility and Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/rd\/article-pdf\/35\/10\/552\/320373\/rd23026.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/rd\/article-pdf\/35\/10\/552\/320373\/rd23026.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:31:45Z","timestamp":1761697905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/rd\/article\/35\/10\/552\/51071\/Differential-expression-and-localisation-of-heat"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Dunleavy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/rd23026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1031-3613","1448-5990"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1031-3613","type":"print"},{"value":"1448-5990","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]}}}