{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T07:16:59Z","timestamp":1761722219576,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":344,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GTN1078444, GTN1171592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GTN1078444, GTN1171592"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G1100357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G1100357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001786","name":"University of Adelaide","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Altered signalling of androgens, anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone or transforming growth factor beta (TGF\u03b2) during foetal development have been implicated in the predisposition to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in later life, aside from its genetic predisposition. In foetal ovarian fibroblasts, TGF\u03b21 has been shown to regulate androgen signalling and seven genes located in loci associated with PCOS. Since PCOS exhibits a myriad of symptoms, it likely involves many different organs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify the relationships between TGF\u03b2 signalling molecules and PCOS candidate genes in different tissues associated with PCOS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using RNA sequencing data, we examined the expression patterns of TGF\u03b2 signalling molecules in the human ovary, testis, heart, liver, kidney, brain tissue, and cerebellum from 4 to 20\u00a0weeks of gestation and postnatally. We also examined the correlations between gene expression of TGF\u03b2 signalling molecules and PCOS candidate genes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TGF\u03b2 signalling molecules were dynamically expressed in most tissues prenatally and\/or postnatally. FBN3, a PCOS candidate gene involved in TGF\u03b2 signalling, was expressed during foetal development in all tissues. The PCOS candidate genes HMGA2, YAP1, and RAD50 correlated significantly (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.01) with most TGF\u03b2 signalling molecules in at least four foetal tissues, and specifically with TGFBR1 in six out of the seven tissues examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study suggests that possible crosstalk occurs between genes in loci associated with PCOS and TGF\u03b2 signalling molecules in multiple tissues, particularly during foetal development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thus, alteration in TGF\u03b2 signalling during foetal development could affect many tissues contributing to the multiple phenotypes of PCOS in later life.<\/jats:p>\n                  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