{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:25:39Z","timestamp":1781709939317,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":131,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014361","name":"Hubei University of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024QDJZR038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024QDJZR038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The induction of oocytes from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro provides a promising tool for the treatment of female infertility. Various molecules are involved in this complex process, which requires further elucidation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to screen for factors that induce the differentiation of ESCs into oocytes in vitro by constructing transcription factor (TF)-mediated gene regulatory networks (GRNs) during the formation of oocytes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on publicly available multi-omics data, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) method identified oocyte-specific TFs and key oocyte-specific genes. Additionally, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing data and ChIP-qPCR analysis were used to examine GRNs mediated by oocyte-specific TFs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>First, by analyzing assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) and DNase I hypersensitive site sequencing (DNase-seq) data from human and mouse ESCs, primordial germ cells (PGCs), and oocytes, we identified five and three oocyte-specific TFs, respectively. RNA sequencing and WGCNA further revealed 38 key oocyte-specific genes. Subsequently, when comparing cell-specific TFs in mouse and human oocytes, we identified three overlapping oocyte-specific TFs (NFYA, NFYB, and NFYC). Notably, NFYA exhibited significantly elevated expression levels in oocytes compared to ESCs and PGCs. Additionally, ChIP-qPCR results demonstrated that NFYA was relatively enriched at the promoter region of the key oocyte-specific gene, m6A demethylase Alkbh5.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides preliminary insights into the role of cell-specific TFs and TF-mediated GRNs in oocyte formation by identifying oocyte-specific genes and key oocyte-specific TFs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicate that their intricate regulatory mechanisms may significantly contribute to enhancing the efficiency of differentiating ESCs into oocytes.<\/jats:p>\n                  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