{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T05:49:23Z","timestamp":1773380963431,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008247","name":"University of Otago","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PhD Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title\/>\n                  <jats:p>Despite occurring in up to 50% of the human population, menstruation is a fundamentally understudied process with limited treatment options when menstrual pathologies arise. Reasons for this deficit include the inherent ethical and technical constraints associated with researching menstruation. The multifactorial nature of many menstrual-related pathologies means in vivo research is necessary; however, this type of research is difficult in humans, and non-human species that menstruate naturally are often not suitable as research models. Consequently, most menstrual research relies on an artificially induced menstrual-like process in the non-menstruating laboratory mouse. This review investigates mouse models of menstruation and how specific technical variables are used to produce or modulate a menstrual-like process. The review describes two key categories of models, those that are ovariectomy-based versus those that are pseudopregnancy-based. The menstrual-like process occurring in these models varied slightly;\u00a0the underlying reason for the variation is likely to be the method of progesterone withdrawal. Models that withdrew progesterone specifically had a far less rapid endometrial breakdown in comparison to those that withdrew all ovarian input. These outcomes suggest that a loss of ovarian factors other than progesterone is likely impacting the breakdown process. The review highlights the gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms of endometrial breakdown and repair in these proxies for menstruation and the subsequent impacts on any conclusions drawn from these models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/rd25055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T01:30:13Z","timestamp":1754271013000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Modelling menstruation in the common mouse: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5469-4231","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura M.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago | \u014ct\u0101kou Whakaihu Waka, Aotearoa, Dunedin, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3606-1361","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gendie E.","family":"Lash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BDivision of Uterine Vascular Biology, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greg M.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago | \u014ct\u0101kou Whakaihu Waka, Aotearoa, Dunedin, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8154-2068","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jane E.","family":"Girling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago | \u014ct\u0101kou Whakaihu Waka, Aotearoa, Dunedin, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025111818451310400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17565-x","article-title":"Endometrial apoptosis and neutrophil infiltration during menstruation exhibits spatial and temporal dynamics that are recapitulated in a mouse model.","volume":"7","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025111818451310400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-018-1390-3","article-title":"Monkeys, mice and menses: the bloody anomaly of the spiny mouse.","volume":"36","author":"Bellofiore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111818451310400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40.e41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.041","article-title":"First evidence of a menstruating rodent: the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus).","volume":"216","author":"Bellofiore","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111818451310400_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R25","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-17-0278","article-title":"A missing piece: the spiny mouse and the puzzle of menstruating species.","volume":"61","author":"Bellofiore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Endocrinology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025111818451310400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey247","article-title":"Characterization of human-like menstruation in the spiny mouse: comparative studies with the human and induced mouse model.","volume":"33","author":"Bellofiore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025111818451310400_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1071\/RD18506","article-title":"Pseudopregnancy and reproductive cycle synchronisation cannot be induced using conventional methods in the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus).","volume":"32","author":"Bellofiore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reproduction, Fertility and Development"},{"key":"2025111818451310400_R7"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025111818451310400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.016550","article-title":"Mimicking the events of menstruation in the murine uterus.","volume":"69","author":"Brasted","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111818451310400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1004-3845.2010.01.008","article-title":"Study on establishing menstruation model in mice using pseudo-pregnant mice.","volume":"19","author":"Cao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Reproductive Medicine"},{"key":"2025111818451310400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2018.05.010","article-title":"Classics revisited: C. 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