{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T22:50:13Z","timestamp":1789080613202,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vanishing twin syndrome (VTS) is a common condition in assisted reproductive procedures, where a multi-fetus pregnancy is spontaneously reduced to a singleton pregnancy. However, the effects of VTS on the development of the remaining fetus is relatively unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of VTS on the dynamic measurement of growth and development of the singletons (0\u20133\u00a0years) born from frozen embryo transfer (FET).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was a retrospective cohort design and was carried out from January 2017 to December 2023. To optimize statistical efficiency and reduce confounding variables, singletons conceived using VTS were matched at a 4:1 ratio based on the couples\u2019 ages, body mass index, occupation, women\u2019s anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH) levels, and embryo status. Ultimately, 66 children in the VTS group and 264 children in the non-VTS group were included in the final analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After propensity matching, there was no significant difference in growth and development of children between the VTS group and the non-VTS group. The number of embryos transferred in the VTS group were higher than the non-VTS group (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.0001). The height and the head circumference (at 3\u00a0months) in the VTS group were lower than the non-VTS group (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The occurrence of VTS did not detrimentally affect the growth and development of offspring (0\u20133\u00a0years) from FET.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More comprehensive and long-term follow-up results are needed for further verification. More than one embryo transfer not only increases the rate of multiple births, but also increases the occurrence of VTS in assisted reproductive technologies (ART).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/rd25059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T01:26:48Z","timestamp":1770686808000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["\u2018Vanishing twin syndrome\u2019 following frozen embryo transfer has no detrimental effects on offspring growth and development up to 3 years"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7556-3533","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chunmei","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Reproduction, Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Reproduction, Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4516-4646","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Reproduction, Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiyang","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Reproduction, Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Reproduction, Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Reproduction, Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Reproduction, Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Reproduction, Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Reproduction, Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7374-9106","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lingmin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Reproduction, Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2106-8277","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Renjie","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BThe Affiliated Changzhou Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou Third People\u2019s Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China."},{"name":"CChangzhou Third People\u2019s Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026041222464457100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2291-x","article-title":"Assisted reproductive technology and the risk of preeclampsia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"19","author":"Almasi-Hashiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026041222464457100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2013\/7478.3564","article-title":"Placental morphometry determines the birth weight.","volume":"7","author":"Balihallimath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026041222464457100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac043","article-title":"Offspring physiology following the use of IVM, IVF and ICSI: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies.","volume":"29","author":"Beilby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Human Reproduction Update"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041222464457100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2013-0036","article-title":"Challenges to free will: transgenerational epigenetic information, unconscious processes, and vanishing twin syndrome.","volume":"25","author":"B\u00f3kkon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reviews in the Neurosciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026041222464457100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa011","article-title":"Risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in women achieving singleton pregnancy spontaneously or after ART: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"26","author":"Bosdou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Reproduction Update"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026041222464457100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174417000228","article-title":"The health outcomes of human offspring conceived by assisted reproductive technologies (ART).","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026041222464457100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174416000301","article-title":"Spontaneous loss of a co-twin and the risk of birth defects after assisted conception.","volume":"7","author":"Davies","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041222464457100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.118915","article-title":"Spontaneous reduction of multiple pregnancy: incidence and effect on outcome.","volume":"186","author":"Dickey","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026041222464457100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms010","article-title":"First trimester prenatal screening among women pregnant after IVF\/ICSI.","volume":"18","author":"Gjerris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Human Reproduction Update"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026041222464457100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.05.045","article-title":"Spontaneous embryonic loss rates in twin and singleton pregnancies after transfer of top- versus intermediate-quality embryos.","volume":"84","author":"La Sala","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041222464457100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.11.073","article-title":"Effect of the mode of assisted reproductive technology conception on obstetric outcomes for survivors of the vanishing twin syndrome.","volume":"86","author":"La Sala","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"2026041222464457100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000325","article-title":"Genomic imbalance in products of conception: single-nucleotide polymorphism chromosomal microarray analysis.","volume":"124","author":"Levy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026041222464457100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-020-01928-x","article-title":"Is vanishing twin syndrome associated with adverse obstetric outcomes of ART singletons? A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026041222464457100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1419178","article-title":"Influence of spontaneous fetal reduction on dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy outcomes after in vitro fertilization: a large-sample retrospective study.","volume":"32","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026041222464457100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex277","article-title":"Vanishing twin syndrome among ART singletons and pregnancy outcomes.","volume":"32","author":"Magnus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026041222464457100_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.02.058","article-title":"The impact of vanishing fetuses on the outcome of ICSI pregnancies.","volume":"94","author":"Mansour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026041222464457100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1098","article-title":"Prevalences and pregnancy outcome of vanishing twin pregnancies achieved by in vitro fertilization versus natural conception.","volume":"106","author":"Marton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041222464457100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)61455-1","article-title":"High rate of biological loss in assisted reproduction: it is in the seed, not in the soil.","volume":"14","author":"Patrizio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026041222464457100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1177\/1745505716658898","article-title":"Early spontaneous multiple fetal pregnancy reduction is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes in in vitro fertilization cycles.","volume":"12","author":"Petrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026041222464457100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2006.67.8.21976","article-title":"The vanishing twin: a major determinant of infant outcome in IVF singleton births.","volume":"67","author":"Pinborg","year":"2006","journal-title":"British Journal of Hospital Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026041222464457100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem225","article-title":"Vanishing twins: a predictor of small-for-gestational age in IVF singletons.","volume":"22","author":"Pinborg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"2026041222464457100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.04.022","article-title":"Long-term outcomes for children conceived by assisted reproductive technology.","volume":"120","author":"Pinborg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041222464457100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.09.007","article-title":"Assisted reproductive technology and the risk of pregnancy-related complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes in singleton pregnancies: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.","volume":"105","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026041222464457100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002595","article-title":"Perinatal and peripartum outcomes in vanishing twin pregnancies achieved by in vitro fertilization.","volume":"131","author":"Romanski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026041222464457100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab048","article-title":"Children conceived by ART grow differently in early life than naturally conceived children but reach the same height and weight by age 17. Reassuring? Not so sure.","volume":"36","author":"Roseboom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026041222464457100_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2011.12.002","article-title":"Variety in placental shape: when does it originate?","volume":"33","author":"Salafia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2026041222464457100_R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01884","article-title":"The possible role of placental morphometry in the detection of fetal growth restriction.","volume":"9","author":"Salavati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026041222464457100_R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.11.041","article-title":"Work-up of stillbirth: a review of the evidence.","volume":"196","author":"Silver","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041222464457100_R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.10.017","article-title":"Current overview of pregnancy complications and live-birth outcome of assisted reproductive technology in mainland China.","volume":"101","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041222464457100_R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-015-3639-8","article-title":"Biochemical pregnancy and spontaneous abortion in first IVF cycles are negative predictors for subsequent cycles: an over 10,000 cases cohort study.","volume":"292","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"key":"2026041222464457100_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2016.04.014","article-title":"Analysis of pregnancy outcomes for survivors of the vanishing twin syndrome after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.","volume":"203","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology"}],"container-title":["Reproduction, Fertility and Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/rd\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1071\/RD25059\/1862808\/rd25059.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/rd\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1071\/RD25059\/1862808\/rd25059.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T02:46:47Z","timestamp":1776048407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/rd\/article\/38\/6\/RD25059\/271625\/Vanishing-twin-syndrome-following-frozen-embryo"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Lea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/rd25059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1031-3613","1448-5990"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1031-3613","type":"print"},{"value":"1448-5990","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"article-number":"RD25059"}}