{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:30:29Z","timestamp":1786422629951,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Artificial insemination in farmed crocodiles is limited by poor sperm survival after cryopreservation, requiring alternative preservation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated the effects of three extenders on saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) semen during chilled storage for up to 14\u00a0days and assessed post freeze-drying (FD) sperm functional integrity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Semen was collected from six adult males. Samples were then diluted in a commercial milk-based extender, Hanks\u2019 balanced salt solution (HBSS), or HBSS supplemented with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and stored at 5\u00b0C, with sperm assessed at 24\u00a0h, 48\u00a0h, 72\u00a0h, 7\u00a0days, and 14\u00a0days. Freeze-drying was performed using standard protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ejaculate characteristics (mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0standard error of the mean; s.e.m.) included volume 1.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mL, sperm concentration 3.32\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0109\u00a0sperm\/mL, total motility 65.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.9%, viability 97.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.7%, and normal morphology 66.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.6%. After 72\u00a0h of storage, motility, viability, and normal morphology were maintained across all extenders, with the milk-based extender outperforming the HBSS-based extenders. Cytoplasmic droplets, loose heads, and absent midpieces were the predominant abnormalities observed. Following rehydration, freeze-dried spermatozoa showed viability of 23.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.0%, normal morphology of 15.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.4%, mitochondrial mass in 55.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.7%, and DNA fragmentation of 6.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.7%, with no evidence of motility recovered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that commercial milk-based extenders support chilled storage of crocodile semen for up to 3\u00a0days, while representing the first report of spermatozoa FD in a reptile species.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chilled semen storage supports semen transport for crocodile artificial insemination or cryopreservation programs, whereas freeze-drying expands future options for reptilian genetic preservation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/rd26093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:06:46Z","timestamp":1786421206000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chilled and freeze-dried preservation of saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) spermatozoa"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0194-8373","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patricio D.","family":"Palacios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ASchool of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0290-5458","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BSchool of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia."},{"name":"CSchool of 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