{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T22:50:19Z","timestamp":1761519019320,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5217,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sexually transmissible infections (STI) are common in female sex workers (FSW). Aim: To determine if 3-monthly periodic presumptive treatments (PPT) would reduce the prevalence of STI in FSW. Methods: In a cohort study conducted between November 2003 and September 2004, FSW were enrolled, counselled and interviewed. Informed consent was obtained. Testing by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) and Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv), and serology for HIV were performed at baseline and final follow-up visits. Each FSW received 3-monthly oral amoxicillin, probenecid, a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, and azithromycin. Tinidazole was administered once. Results: The cohort consisted of 129 FSW at baseline and 71 at final follow-up visit. Of these 71 FSW, there was a significant decline in the proportion with positive PCR results for Ct from 38% to 16% (P = 0.001), Ng from 56% to 23% (P = &amp;lt;0.001) and Tv from 62% to 30% (P = &amp;lt;0.001) between baseline and the final follow-up visit. HIV prevalence increased from 15% to 21% (P = 0.125). Conclusions: PPT was statistically effective in reducing STI but rates rebounded rapidly. Several new HIV infections occurred. If PPT is to be very effective in FSW where the prevalence of STI is so high, then 100% condom use with clients and regular sexual partners (RSP), and high rates of notification of RSP would be required if low incidence and prevalence of STI were to be achievable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh10049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,22]],"date-time":"2011-06-22T03:49:14Z","timestamp":1308714554000},"page":"222-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of periodic presumptive treatment on three bacterial sexually transmissible infections and HIV among female sex workers in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Eunice","family":"Bruce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 3053, Australia."},{"name":"GCorresponding author. Email: ebruce@mshc.org.au"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludwina","family":"Bauai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BPacific Adventist University, Port Moresby, NCD 111, Papua New Guinea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Masta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSchool of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, NCD 111, Papua New Guinea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Poyap J.","family":"Rooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSchool of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, NCD 111, Papua New Guinea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Paniu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSchool of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, NCD 111, Papua New Guinea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Sapuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DPacific International Hospital, 4 Mile PO Box 6103 Stores Road, Boroko, Port Moresby, NCD 111, Papua New Guinea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Keogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECentre for Women\u2019s, Health, Gender and Society, School of Public Health, University of Melbourne, Vic. 3053, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kaldor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FNational Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Fairley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 3053, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102616583144500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000161177.21639.96","article-title":"High prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in the eastern highlands province of Papua New Guinea: correlates and recommendations.","volume":"32","author":"Gare","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200205000-00003","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in two major cities in Papua New Guinea.","volume":"29","author":"Mgone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9103-0","article-title":"Application of respondent driven sampling to collect baseline data on FSWs and MSM for HIV risk reduction interventions in two urban centres in Papua New Guinea.","volume":"83","author":"Yeka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R4"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R5"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R6","unstructured":"UNAIDS\/WHO. HIV and AIDS estimates and data, 2007 and 2001. In: 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS\/WHO; 2008. Available online at: http:\/\/data.unaids.org\/pub\/2008\/jc1510_2008_global_report_pp211_234_en.pdf [verified\u00a0October 2010]."},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R7"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(99)00093-5","article-title":"Clinical management and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases \u2013 a review focusing on women.","volume":"75","author":"Brabin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.79.2.111","article-title":"Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and performance of STI syndromes against aetiological diagnosis in female sex workers of red light area in Surat, India.","volume":"79","author":"Desai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R10","first-page":"334","article-title":"Identifying cervical infection among pregnant women in Nairobi, Kenya: limitations of risk assessment and symptom-based approaches.","volume":"72","author":"Thomas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gend Med"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R11","first-page":"S175","article-title":"Syndromic approach to STD case management: where do we go from here?","volume":"74","author":"van Dam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.76.4.303","article-title":"Syndromic management of vaginal discharge among women in a reproductive health clinic in India.","volume":"76","author":"Vishwanath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.1.82","article-title":"Clinical algorithms for the screening of women for gonococcal and chlamydial infection: evaluation of pregnant women and prostitutes in Zaire.","volume":"17","author":"Vuylsteke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)90002-2","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases enhance HIV transmission: no longer a hypothesis.","volume":"351","author":"Cohen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91380-7","article-title":"Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on HIV infection in rural Tanzania: randomised controlled trial.","volume":"346","author":"Grosskurth","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R16"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000216033.00860.1b","article-title":"Periodic presumptive treatment for cervical infections in service women in 3 border provinces of Laos.","volume":"33","author":"O\u2019Farrell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200001000-00001","article-title":"Evidence of declining STD prevalence in a South African mining community following a core-group intervention.","volume":"27","author":"Steen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.21.2555","article-title":"Monthly antibiotic chemoprophylaxis and incidence of sexually transmitted infections and HIV-1 infection in Kenyan sex workers: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"291","author":"Kaul","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R20"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R21"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.018283","article-title":"STI declines among sex workers and clients following outreach, one time presumptive treatment, and regular screening of sex workers in the Philippines.","volume":"82","author":"Wi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200502010-00012","article-title":"The appropriateness of core group interventions using presumptive periodic treatment among rural Zimbabwean women who exchange sex for gifts or money.","volume":"38","author":"Cowan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R24"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R25","first-page":"355","article-title":"Surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the WHO Western Pacific Region 1992\u20134. WHO Western Pacific Region Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme.","volume":"73","author":"WHO-GASP","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1071\/SH09093","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of reported symptomsfor sexually transmissible infections among female sex workers in Papua New Guinea.","volume":"7","author":"Bruce","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R27"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2006.05.009","article-title":"Mapping transactional sex on the Northern Corridor highway in Kenya.","volume":"13","author":"Ferguson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"2025102616583144500_R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01776.x","article-title":"Female sex workers and unsafe sex in urban and rural Nyanza, Kenya: regular partners may contribute more to HIV transmission than clients.","volume":"12","author":"Voeten","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"}],"container-title":["Sexual Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/8\/2\/222\/1253477\/sh10049.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/8\/2\/222\/1253477\/sh10049.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T20:58:40Z","timestamp":1761512320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article\/8\/2\/222\/184669\/Effects-of-periodic-presumptive-treatment-on-three"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/sh10049","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-5028","1449-8987"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1448-5028"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1449-8987"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]]}}}