{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:12:56Z","timestamp":1791231176591,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5217,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of our study was to study the prevalence of and the risk behaviours associated with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among two high-risk groups: female sex workers (FSW) and men who have sex with men (MSM). Furthermore, since vaccination is a key component of HBV prevention programs, the immune status of HBV infection in these two high-risk groups was evaluated. Methods: Participants included in this study were part of a bio-behavioural surveillance study done to assess HIV prevalence among four vulnerable groups in Lebanon. Participants were recruited using a respondent-driven sampling method. The total number of eligible participants were 101 MSM and 103 FSW. Blood samples were collected as dried blood spots and then eluted to be tested for HCV, HBV and HIV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: None of the 204 individuals tested has been exposed to HCV. In the 101 MSM, only one (0.99%) was an HBsAg carrier and one (0.99%) was confirmed as anti-HIV-positive. Among FSW, 30% showed they were immune to HBV compared with only ~10% among MSM. The distribution of socio-demographic characteristics and potential risk factors in both groups were shown. Conclusion: Our results highlight the urgent need to raise awareness among FSW and MSM and their health care providers of the availability and benefits of HBV vaccination in Lebanon. In addition, and due to the absence of vaccines against HCV and HIV, education programs aiming at behavioural changes should be intensified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh10080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,22]],"date-time":"2011-06-22T03:49:14Z","timestamp":1308714554000},"page":"229-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections among female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Lebanon: prevalence, risk behaviour and immune status"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kassem","family":"Kassak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AHealth Management and Policy Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, 2020, Lebanon."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyad","family":"Mahfoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BEpidemiology and Population Health Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, 2020, Lebanon."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalil","family":"Kreidieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMedical Laboratory Sciences Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, 2020, Lebanon."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Shamra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMedical Laboratory Sciences Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, 2020, Lebanon."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rima","family":"Afifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DHealth Behavior and Education Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, 2020, Lebanon."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Ramia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMedical Laboratory Sciences Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, 2020, Lebanon."},{"name":"ECorresponding author. Email: sramia@aub.edu.lb"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102616584770100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1310\/hct0905-348","article-title":"Statements from the 15th International Symposium on HIV and Emerging Infectious Diseases (ISHEID), Toulon, France, May 28\u201330, 2008.","volume":"9","author":"Haubrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"HIV Clin Trials"},{"key":"2025102616584770100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2007.09.003","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections.","volume":"35","author":"Frenkl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urologic Clinics N Am"},{"key":"2025102616584770100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1071\/SH07024","article-title":"Sexually transmissible infections among female sex workers: an international review with an emphasis on hard-to-access populations.","volume":"5","author":"Cwikel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"2025102616584770100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v53n01_02","article-title":"Male prostitution: pathology, paradigms and progress in research.","volume":"53","author":"Bimbi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"key":"2025102616584770100_R5","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 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