{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:03:11Z","timestamp":1761512591650,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5119,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fear of being stigmatised is a major social risk for seeking help in the HIV\/AIDS arena. However, little is known about the social perceptions that people hold about the disease. This study explores the level of perceived stigma and its effect on the social risk of HIV testing and disclosure among Iranian-Australians immigrants living in the Sydney metropolitan area. Methods: A total of 236 Iranian-Australians immigrants aged 20\u201365 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Results: The majority of respondents (73.3%) perceived that HIV-infected people face a great deal of or some stigma. Participants were concerned about being stigmatised if they tested positive or were known to be HIV-positive in the future. A significant majority expressed that such concerns would affect their decision-making related to HIV testing and disclosure. Females were more likely to perceive HIV\/AIDS stigma. Multiple regression analyses showed that perceived HIV\/AIDS stigma could explain 28.6% of the variance in social risk of HIV testing and disclosure (B = 0.89, \u03b2 = 0.53, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and 24.6% of the variance in decision-making related to HIV testing and disclosure (B = 0.62, \u03b2 = 0.49, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) after controlling for sociodemographic factors. Time since migration (predictive power of 4.8\u20136.78%) strongly influenced the associations. Conclusions: If social stigma is left unaddressed, individuals would be reluctant to undertake HIV testing or disclose their HIV status if tested positive. Further attempts are needed to change the current social construction of HIV\/AIDS among Iranians-Australians living in Sydney.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh10111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,29]],"date-time":"2012-01-29T19:17:43Z","timestamp":1327864663000},"page":"171-177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Perceived stigma and social risk of HIV testing and disclosure among Iranian-Australians living in the Sydney metropolitan area"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Hosseinzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ADiscipline of Behavioural and Social Sciences in Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Cumberland Campus C42, East Street, PO Box 170, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia."},{"name":"CCorresponding author. Email: h.hosseinzadeh@ymail.com; h.hosseinzadeh@uws.edu.au"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syeda Zakia","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADiscipline of Behavioural and Social Sciences in Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Cumberland Campus C42, East Street, PO Box 170, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahrzad","family":"Bazargan-Hejazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BDepartment of Psychiatry, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behaviour, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102616592607900_R1"},{"key":"2025102616592607900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2005.52.1.15","article-title":"When sex equals AIDS: symbolic stigma and heterosexual adults\u2019 inaccurate beliefs about sexual transmission of AIDS.","volume":"52","author":"Herek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Probl"},{"key":"2025102616592607900_R3"},{"key":"2025102616592607900_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000304708.64294.3f","article-title":"Acceptance of and barriers to voluntary HIV counselling and testing among adults in Guizhou province, China.","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2025102616592607900_R5"},{"key":"2025102616592607900_R6","first-page":"S120","article-title":"Surveillance, social risk, and symbolism: framing the analysis for research and policy.","volume":"25","author":"Burris","year":"2000","journal-title":"J AIDS"},{"key":"2025102616592607900_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407592092001","article-title":"AIDS-related stigmatization and the disruption of social relationships.","volume":"9","author":"Crandall","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Soc Pers Relat"},{"key":"2025102616592607900_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(10)35496-6","article-title":"HIV criminalisation and sex work in Australia.","volume":"18","author":"Jeffreys","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod Health Matters"},{"key":"2025102616592607900_R9","unstructured":"Grierson J, Power J, Pitts M, Croy S, Clement T, Thorpe R, et al. HIV futures 6: making positive lives count. Melbourne: The Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, Latrobe University; 2009. Available online at: http:\/\/www.latrobe.edu.au\/hiv-futures\/HIV%20FUTURES%206%20REPORT.pdf [verified March 2010]."},{"key":"2025102616592607900_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/13691050600975462","article-title":"Negotiating cultures: disclosure of HIV-positive status among people from minority ethnic communities in Sydney.","volume":"9","author":"Korner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"2025102616592607900_R11"},{"key":"2025102616592607900_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.07.006","article-title":"The impact of stigma, experience, and group referent on HIV risk assessments and HIV testing intentions in Namibia.","volume":"63","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2025102616592607900_R13","first-page":"168","article-title":"Late HIV diagnosis of people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in Sydney: the role of culture and community.","volume":"19","author":"Korner","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Care \u2013 Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS\/HIV."},{"key":"2025102616592607900_R14"},{"key":"2025102616592607900_R15"},{"key":"2025102616592607900_R16","unstructured":"United Nations Program on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS). AIDS epidemic update 2008. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2008. 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