{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T20:50:55Z","timestamp":1763499055386,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5002,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the epidemiology of congenital and infectious syphilis during 1991\u20132009, examine the impact of public health interventions and discuss the feasibility of syphilis elimination among Aboriginal people in Western Australia (WA). Methods: WA congenital and infectious syphilis notification data in 1991\u20132009 and national infectious syphilis notification data in 2005\u20132009 were analysed by Aboriginality, region of residence, and demographic and behavioural characteristics. Syphilis public health interventions in WA from 1991\u20132009 were also reviewed. Results: During 1991\u20132009, there were six notifications of congenital syphilis (50% Aboriginal) and 1441 infectious syphilis notifications (61% Aboriginal). During 1991\u20132005, 88% of notifications were Aboriginal, with several outbreaks identified in remote WA. During 2006\u20132009, 62% of notifications were non-Aboriginal, with an outbreak in metropolitan men who have sex with men. The Aboriginal : non-Aboriginal rate ratio decreased from 173 : 1 (1991\u20132005) to 15 : 1 (2006\u20132009). Conclusions: These data demonstrate that although the epidemiology of syphilis in WA has changed over time, the infection has remained endemic among Aboriginal people in non-metropolitan areas. Given the continued public health interventions targeted at this population, the limited success in eliminating syphilis in the United States and the unique geographical and socioeconomic features of WA, the elimination of syphilis seems unlikely in this state.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh11102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]],"date-time":"2011-12-19T01:33:21Z","timestamp":1324258401000},"page":"272-279","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Syphilis epidemiology and public health interventions in Western Australia from 1991 to 2009"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kellie S. H.","family":"Kwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Health, Western Australia, PO Box 8172, Perth Business Centre, WA 6849, Australia."},{"name":"ECorresponding author. Email: kellie.kwan@health.wa.gov.au"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolien M.","family":"Giele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Health, Western Australia, PO Box 8172, Perth Business Centre, WA 6849, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heath S.","family":"Greville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCentre for International Health, Curtin University, Western Australia, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6102, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carole A.","family":"Reeve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CKimberley Population Health Unit, PO Box 525, Broome, WA 6725, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. Heather","family":"Lyttle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DPilbara Population Health, WA Country Health Service \u2013 Pilbara, Hedland Health Campus, PMB 12, South Hedland, WA 6722, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna B.","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Health, Western Australia, PO Box 8172, Perth Business Centre, WA 6849, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102617023258200_R1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC fact sheet syphilis. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2007. Available online at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/syphilis\/syphilis-fact-sheet.pdf[verified November 2010]."},{"key":"2025102617023258200_R2","unstructured":"Department of Health Western Australia (DoHWA). Syphilis fact sheet. Perth: DoHWA; 2009. Available online at: http:\/\/www.public.health.wa.gov.au\/cproot\/704\/2\/Syphilis%20Fact%20Sheet%20April%202009.pdf [verified November 2010]."},{"key":"2025102617023258200_R3","unstructured":"National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research (NCHECR). Bloodborne viral and sexually transmitted infections in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: surveillance and evaluation report 2010. Sydney: NCHECR, The University of New South Wales; 2010. Available online at: http:\/\/www.nchecr.unsw.edu.au\/NCHECRweb.nsf\/resources\/ATSI-SR\/$file\/ATSIP2010.pdf[verified November 2020]."},{"key":"2025102617023258200_R4","unstructured":"Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA). Third national Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander blood borne viruses and sexually transmissible infection strategy 2010\u20132013. Canberra: DoHA; 2010. 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Available online at: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/mf\/1367.5 [verified November 2010]."},{"key":"2025102617023258200_R8","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Population distribution, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. Canberra: ABS; 2006. Available online at: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/Lookup\/4705.0Main+Features12006?OpenDocument[verified November 2010]."},{"key":"2025102617023258200_R9","unstructured":"Department of Treasury and Finance (DFT). The structure of the Western Australian economy. Perth: DTF; 2005. Available online at: http:\/\/www.dtf.wa.gov.au\/cms\/uploadedFiles\/structure_wa_economy_2005.pdf [verified November 2010]."},{"key":"2025102617023258200_R10","unstructured":"Chamber of Minerals and Energy (CME). Fly in\/fly out: a sustainability perspective. Perth CME; 2005. Available online at: http:\/\/www.peopleforthefuture.com.au\/files\/files\/20_FIFO_Report.pdf [verified November 2010]."},{"key":"2025102617023258200_R11","unstructured":"Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). Surveillance case definitions for the Australian National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Canberra: CDNA; 2008. Available online at: http:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/internet\/main\/publishing.nsf\/Content\/cdna-casedefinitions.htm#S [verified November 2010]."},{"key":"2025102617023258200_R12","unstructured":"Codde J. Rates calculator version 9.5.1. Perth: Department of Health Western Australia (DoHWA); 2010."},{"key":"2025102617023258200_R13"},{"key":"2025102617023258200_R14","first-page":"167","article-title":"Gonorrhoea and syphilis in the Kimberley region (letter).","volume":"22","author":"Mak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"2025102617023258200_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268804002882","article-title":"A syphilis outbreak in remote Australia: epidemiology and strategies for control.","volume":"132","author":"Mak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025102617023258200_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2000.24.70","article-title":"A decision to end a periodic syphilis-screening program in the Kimberley region.","volume":"24","author":"Mak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell"},{"key":"2025102617023258200_R17","unstructured":"Department of Health Western Australia (DoHWA). Western Australian Aboriginal sexual health strategy 2005\u20132008. Perth: DoHWA; 2005. Available online at: http:\/\/www.public.health.wa.gov.au\/cproot\/884\/2\/WA%20Aboriginal%20Sexual%20Health%20Strategy.pdf [verified November 2010]."},{"key":"2025102617023258200_R18","unstructured":"Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services (CDoHFS). The national Indigenous Australians\u2019 sexual health strategy 1996\u201397 to 1998\u201399. A report of the ANCARD working party on Indigenous Australians\u2019 sexual health. Canberra: CDoHFS; 1997. Available online at: http:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/internet\/main\/publishing.nsf\/Content\/41B7136B5563A6EFCA2574740023AC9C\/$File\/ancard.pdf [verified November 2010]."},{"key":"2025102617023258200_R19"},{"key":"2025102617023258200_R20","unstructured":"Department of Health Western Australia (DoHWA). WA endemic regions STI\/HIV control supplement to the guidelines for managing sexually transmitted infections. Perth: DoHWA; 2010. 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