{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T03:02:01Z","timestamp":1782961321952,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4757,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Annual notifications of chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) diagnoses have increased steadily in Australia in the last decade. To guide public health programs, we developed 10 national chlamydia prevention indicators and report on each indicator for New South Wales (NSW). Methods: Using systematic methods, we reviewed the literature to report on the 10 health and behaviour indicators for 15- to 29\u2013year-old heterosexuals in NSW from 2000. We included data with two or more time points. Results: Chlamydia notification rates (Indicator 1) in 15- to 29\u2013year-olds have increased by 299%, from 237 per 100 000 population in 2001 to 946 per 100 000 population in 2010; and the percent of 15- to 34-year-olds with an annual Medicare-rebated chlamydia test (Indicator 2) increased by 326%, from 1.9% in 2001 to 8.1% in 2010. Since 2004, sentinel surveillance showed a 28% increase in chlamydia prevalence (Indicator 3) in 15- to 29-year-old females tested at their first sexual health service visit (from 8.5% in 2004 to 10.9% in 2010) but no significant increase in males. No NSW-specific chlamydia incidence (Indicator 4) was available. Pelvic inflammatory disease hospitalisation separations rate decreased from 0.58 per 1000 in 2001 to 0.44 per 1000 in 2010 in 15- to 29-year-old females (Indicator 5).Secondary school surveys in 2002 and 2008 showed chlamydia knowledge increased in males. The sexual risk-taking behaviour of young people remained unchanged (Indicators 6\u201310). Conclusions: Although notifications have risen steeply, the modest increase in chlamydia prevalence maybe a more realistic reflection of transmission rates. Strategies are needed to increase testing and to modify sexual risk behaviour. Crucial gaps in epidemiological data were identified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh11183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,20]],"date-time":"2012-08-20T01:52:24Z","timestamp":1345427544000},"page":"399-406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Chlamydia prevention indicators for Australia: review of the evidence from New South Wales"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hammad","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AThe Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia."},{"name":"ECorresponding author. Email: hali@kirby.unsw.edu.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basil","family":"Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AThe Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia."},{"name":"BSydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bette","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AThe Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane S.","family":"Hocking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCentre for Women\u2019s Health, Gender and Society, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 2004, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Agius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DMother and Child Health Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., 3000, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AThe Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Bourne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BSydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Kaldor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AThe Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J","family":"Guy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AThe Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102617035964800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2011.tb02957.x","article-title":"Australian general practitioner chlamydia testing rates among young people.","volume":"194","author":"Kong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R2","unstructured":"Department of Health and Ageing (DOHA). National notifiable diseases surveillance system. Canberra: DOHA; 2011. Available online at: http:\/\/www9.health.gov.au\/cda\/source\/Rpt_5_sel.cfm [verified November 2011]."},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R3"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c1642","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c1642","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease: the POPI (prevention of pelvic infection) trial.","volume":"340","author":"Oakeshott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009440","article-title":"Sampling for Chlamydia trachomatis infection \u2013 a comparison of vaginal, first-catch urine, combined vaginal and first-catch urine and endocervical sampling.","volume":"21","author":"Falk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00100-07","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis load at matched anatomic sites: implications for screening strategies.","volume":"45","author":"Michel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.02.008","article-title":"Chlamydia screening and pelvic inflammatory disease: insights from exploratory time-series analyses.","volume":"38","author":"Owusu-Edusei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.07.042","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, human papillomavirus, and polyomavirus are not detectable in human tissue with epithelial ovarian cancer, borderline tumor, or benign conditions.","volume":"202","author":"Idahl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obs Gyn"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn345","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis screening: what are we trying to do?","volume":"38","author":"Peterman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2010.01.003","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis and non-gonococcal urethritis.","volume":"38","author":"Harryman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.05.021","article-title":"Do short-term markers of treatment efficacy predict long-term sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease?","volume":"198","author":"Trautmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obs & Gyn"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181557c25","article-title":"Chlamydia antibodies, chlamydia heat shock protein, and adverse sequelae after pelvic inflammatory disease: the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) study.","volume":"35","author":"Ness","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gco.0000242952.87125.69","article-title":"Pelvic inflammatory disease in adolescents.","volume":"18","author":"Gray-Swain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obs Gyn"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-447","article-title":"Public health triangulation: approach and application to synthesizing data to understand national and local HIV epidemics.","volume":"10","author":"Rutherford","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R15"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement.","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199805000-00006","article-title":"Chlamydia positivity versus prevalence: what\u2019s the difference?","volume":"25","author":"Dicker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462053654249","article-title":"Using chlamydia positivity to estimate prevalence: evidence from the chlamydia screening pilot in England.","volume":"16","author":"LaMontagne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R19","unstructured":"Smith A, Agius P, Mitchell A, Barrett C, Pitts M. 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Available online at: http:\/\/www.thenationalcampaign.org\/EA2007\/EA2007_full.pdf [verified December 2011]."},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R21"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R22"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-211","article-title":"Efficacy of interventions to increase the uptake of chlamydia testing in primary care: a systematic review.","volume":"11","author":"Guy","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102617035964800_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-221","article-title":"Implementing chlamydia screening: what do women think? 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