{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:47:46Z","timestamp":1782920866395,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5052,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Anal cancer is an uncommon malignancy, with the majority of cases comprised of squamous cell carcinomas. The increasing incidence of this disease reflects a rise in the transmission of the human papillomavirus, the causative organism of most tumours. Abdominoperineal resection (APR), once the primary mode of treatment, has been supplanted by sphincter-saving combination chemoradiation as the first-line therapy. However, surgeons continue to play a role in the multidisciplinary management of patients with anal cancer for diagnosis and post-treatment surveillance. Sentinel node biopsy may identify patients with clinically and radiographically negative inguinal lymph nodes who will benefit from groin irradiation. In very select cases, the controversial means of local excision has been employed as primary treatment, often in conjunction with radiation and chemotherapy. The management of persistent or recurrent anal cancers following primary chemoradiation remains a concern, for which only salvage APR currently offers the possibility of a cure. The introduction of human papillomavirus vaccines presents the exciting potential for the eradication of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh12010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,31]],"date-time":"2012-08-31T01:04:35Z","timestamp":1346375075000},"page":"593-609","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: a review of the aetiology, presentation, staging, prognosis and methods available for treatment"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ursula M.","family":"Szmulowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA."},{"name":"BCorresponding author. Email: szmulou@ccf.org"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026070101531510200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20121","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths.","volume":"61","author":"Siegel","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026070101531510200_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553933","article-title":"An evaluation of combined therapy for squamous cell cancer of the anal canal.","volume":"27","author":"Nigro","year":"1984","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070101531510200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1994.tb01370.x","article-title":"Anal carcinoma \u2013 a histological review.","volume":"25","author":"Williams","year":"1994","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070101531510200_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/83.2.159","article-title":"Carcinoma of the anal canal: a study of 79 cases.","volume":"83","author":"Dougherty","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070101531510200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19810715)48:2&lt;411::AID-CNCR2820480232&gt;3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Malignant epithelial tumors of the anal canal.","volume":"48","author":"Singh","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026070101531510200_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.5858\/2009-0668-RAR.1","article-title":"An update on tumors of the anal canal.","volume":"134","author":"Shia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"2026070101531510200_R7","unstructured":"Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER). SEER stat fact sheets: anal cancer. Bethesda: SEER; 2011. Available online at: http:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statfacts\/html\/anus.html [verified September 2011]."},{"key":"2026070101531510200_R8"},{"key":"2026070101531510200_R9"},{"key":"2026070101531510200_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2002.02655.x","article-title":"The cloacal plate: the missing link in anorectal and urogenital development.","volume":"89","author":"Penington","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070101531510200_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-010-1034-2","article-title":"Normal development of hindgut and anorectum in human embryo.","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070101531510200_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(05)70408-4","article-title":"Embryology and anatomy of the anorectum. Basis of surgery.","volume":"80","author":"Godlewski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026070101531510200_R13","first-page":"417","article-title":"An embryological study of the anorectal system in mice.","volume":"201","author":"Akita","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070101531510200_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8588(05)70215-X","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal and anal margin.","volume":"15","author":"Chawla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070101531510200_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)46493-5","article-title":"Neoplasms of the anus.","volume":"74","author":"Oliver","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026070101531510200_R16"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070101531510200_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196710)20:10&lt;1727::AID-CNCR2820201024&gt;3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Transitional cloacogenic carcinoma of the anal canal. Clinicopathologic study of three hundred seventy-three cases.","volume":"20","author":"Klotz","year":"1967","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026070101531510200_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-0272(80)80015-8","article-title":"Cancer of the anal canal.","volume":"4","author":"Stearns","year":"1980","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070101531510200_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0b013e3181e9c0c0","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal margin: the University of Florida experience.","volume":"34","author":"Balamucki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026070101531510200_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800721350","article-title":"Epidermoid cancer of the anus.","volume":"72","author":"Greenall","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070101531510200_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2003.12.006","article-title":"Surgical considerations in anal cancer.","volume":"13","author":"Skibber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surg Oncol Clin N Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070101531510200_R22","first-page":"002 834","article-title":"Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening.","author":"Everett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070101531510200_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-3207(18)30414-9","article-title":"Anal squamous cell cancer nodal metastases: prognostic significance and therapeutic considerations.","volume":"5","author":"Cohen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Surg Oncol Clin N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070101531510200_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-010-1275-x","article-title":"Sentinel node biopsy in squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal.","volume":"18","author":"De Nardi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070101531510200_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1953.01260040834005","article-title":"Squamous cell anal carcinoma.","volume":"67","author":"Buxton","year":"1953","journal-title":"AMA Arch Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070101531510200_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19860115)57:2&lt;400::AID-CNCR2820570237&gt;3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal.","volume":"57","author":"Clark","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070101531510200_R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196811)22:5&lt;932::AID-CNCR2820220506&gt;3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Epidermoid carcinoma of the perianal skin and anal canal.","volume":"22","author":"Kuehn","year":"1968","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026070101531510200_R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553872","article-title":"Anal cancer and human papillomaviruses.","volume":"32","author":"Palmer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070101531510200_R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199612)180:4&lt;378::AID-PATH697&gt;3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Properties of HPV-positive and HPV-negative anal carcinomas.","volume":"180","author":"Williams","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026070101531510200_R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711063371904","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer.","volume":"337","author":"Frisch","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070101531510200_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.01.016","article-title":"Beyond cervical cancer: burden of other HPV-related cancers among men and women.","volume":"46","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070101531510200_R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1971.tb14199.x","article-title":"Carcinoma in situ associated with virus-containing anal warts.","volume":"84","author":"Oriel","year":"1971","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2026070101531510200_R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.05.111","article-title":"Chapter 2: the burden of HPV-related cancers.","volume":"24","author":"Parkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026070101531510200_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603695","article-title":"Prophylactic HPV vaccines: prospects for eliminating ano-genital cancer.","volume":"96","author":"Stanley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026070101531510200_R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.05.115","article-title":"Chapter 1: HPV in the etiology of human cancer.","volume":"24","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026070101531510200_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-199905010-00033","article-title":"Anal squamous intraepithelial lesions: relation to HIV and human papillomavirus infection.","volume":"21","author":"Palefsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070101531510200_R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050594","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and HIV infection.","volume":"34","author":"Lorenz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070101531510200_R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2004.01.001","article-title":"Clinical presentation, imaging, and staging of anal cancer.","volume":"13","author":"Khatri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surg Oncol Clin N Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070101531510200_R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-9093-3","article-title":"(Standards Practice Task Force, American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons). Practice parameters for anal squamous neoplasms.","volume":"51","author":"Fleshner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070101531510200_R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1957.01280150042005","article-title":"Relationship of chronic anorectal disease to carcinoma.","volume":"75","author":"Buckwalter","year":"1957","journal-title":"AMA Arch Surg"},{"key":"2026070101531510200_R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1964.01320060057011","article-title":"Harrison EG. Carcinoma associated with fistula-in-ano.","volume":"89","author":"Kline","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"2026070101531510200_R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18004820831","article-title":"Squamous carcinoma arising in an anal fistula.","volume":"48","author":"Milliken","year":"1960","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070101531510200_R43","first-page":"953","article-title":"Epidermoid carcinoma of the anorectum.","volume":"131","author":"Stearns","year":"1970","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070101531510200_R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19970815)80:4&lt;805::AID-CNCR20&gt;3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"The National Cancer Data Base report on carcinoma of the anus.","volume":"80","author":"Myerson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070101531510200_R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.04.020","article-title":"Comparison of positron emission tomography scanning and sentinel node biopsy in the detection of inguinal node metastases in patients with anal cancer.","volume":"77","author":"Mistrangelo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070101531510200_R46","first-page":"364","article-title":"Management of anal cancer in 2010. Part 1: overview, screening, and diagnosis.","volume":"24","author":"Abbas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070101531510200_R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01655808","article-title":"Multidisciplinary management of cancer of the anus.","volume":"11","author":"Nigro","year":"1987","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070101531510200_R48","first-page":"629","article-title":"Results of surgical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal and anal margin seen at St. Mark\u2019s Hospital 1928\u201366.","volume":"61","author":"Hardcastle","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070101531510200_R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19840701)54:1&lt;114::AID-CNCR2820540124&gt;3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Carcinoma of the anal canal. A clinical and pathologic study of 188 cases.","volume":"54","author":"Boman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070101531510200_R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19840315)53:6&lt;1285::AID-CNCR2820530611&gt;3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Epidermoid cancer of the anorectum.","volume":"53","author":"Frost","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070101531510200_R51","first-page":"509","article-title":"Treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal.","volume":"161","author":"Greenall","year":"1985","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070101531510200_R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049934","article-title":"The force of change in the management of squamous-cell cancer of the anal canal.","volume":"34","author":"Nigro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070101531510200_R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02586980","article-title":"Combined therapy for cancer of the anal canal: a preliminary report.","volume":"17","author":"Nigro","year":"1974","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026070101531510200_R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553933","article-title":"An evaluation of combined therapy for squamous cell cancer of the anal canal.","volume":"27","author":"Nigro","year":"1984","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"9034","key":"2026070101531510200_R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)03409-5","article-title":"Epidermoid anal cancer: results from the UKCCCR randomised trial of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy, 5-fluorouracil, and mitomycin","volume":"348","author":"UKCCCR Anal Cancer Trial Working Party. UK Co-ordinating Committee on Cancer Research.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070101531510200_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1997.15.5.2040","article-title":"Concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced anal cancer: results of a phase III randomized trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiotherapy and Gastrointestinal Cooperative Groups.","volume":"15","author":"Bartelink","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026070101531510200_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1996.14.9.2527","article-title":"Role of mitomycin in combination with fluorouracil and radiotherapy, and of salvage chemoradiation in the definitive nonsurgical treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal: results of a phase III randomized intergroup study.","volume":"14","author":"Flam","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026070101531510200_R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-010-2162-x","article-title":"Combined-modality treatment for anal cancer: current strategies and future directions.","volume":"186","author":"Fraunholz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070101531510200_R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.14.2810","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus-associated squamous cell cancer of the anus: epidemiology and outcomes in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era.","volume":"26","author":"Chiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070101531510200_R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-010-0100-9","article-title":"Current and emerging treatment strategies for anal cancer.","volume":"12","author":"Meyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026070101531510200_R61","first-page":"815","article-title":"Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for anal cancer: toxicity versus outcomes.","volume":"24","author":"Zagar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026070101531510200_R62","first-page":"1082","article-title":"Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for anal cancer.","volume":"23","author":"Czito","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070101531510200_R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2008.04.011","article-title":"The effect of intensity-modulated radiotherapy and high dose rate brachytherapy on acute and late radiotherapy-related adverse events following chemoradiotherapy of anal cancer.","volume":"87","author":"Saarilahti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070101531510200_R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.09.046","article-title":"Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for anal malignancies: a preliminary toxicity and disease outcomes analysis.","volume":"78","author":"Pepek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070101531510200_R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-9125-z","article-title":"Squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal: predictors of treatment outcome.","volume":"51","author":"Roohipour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026070101531510200_R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.2002.02231.x","article-title":"Salvage abdominoperineal resection in anal epidermoid cancer.","volume":"89","author":"Nilsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026070101531510200_R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19830401)51:7&lt;1291::AID-CNCR2820510719&gt;3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Depth of invasion, location, and size of cancer of the anus dictate operative treatment.","volume":"51","author":"Schraut","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070101531510200_R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9098(199902)70:2&lt;71::AID-JSO2&gt;3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"30 Gy may be an adequate dose in patients with anal cancer treated with excisional biopsy followed by combined-modality therapy.","volume":"70","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070101531510200_R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.09.060","article-title":"Anal canal carcinoma: early-stage tumors &lt; or = 10 mm (T1 or Tis): therapeutic options and original pattern of local failure after radiotherapy.","volume":"62","author":"Ortholan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070101531510200_R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(00)00327-5","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction, informed consent and multimodality therapy for rectal cancer.","volume":"179","author":"Chorost","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070101531510200_R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02617742","article-title":"Current concepts of local excision of epidermoid carcinoma of the anus.","volume":"12","author":"Eby","year":"1969","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070101531510200_R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02554359","article-title":"Long-term prognosis after radical treatment for squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal and anal margin.","volume":"31","author":"Lindkaer Jensen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026070101531510200_R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800760814","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus at one hospital from 1948 to 1984.","volume":"76","author":"Pintor","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070101531510200_R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(89)90520-8","article-title":"Radiotherapy for anal cancer: experience from 1979\u20131987.","volume":"17","author":"Hughes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070101531510200_R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199407000-00007","article-title":"Recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Predictors of initial treatment failure and results of salvage therapy.","volume":"220","author":"Longo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070101531510200_R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930301)71:5&lt;1736::AID-CNCR2820710506&gt;3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"External radiation therapy without chemotherapy in the management of anal cancer.","volume":"71","author":"Martenson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"733","key":"2026070101531510200_R77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-62-733-53","article-title":"Radiotherapy of epidermoid anal canal cancer.","volume":"62","author":"Dobrowsky","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070101531510200_R78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2011.01.015","article-title":"Outcomes of salvage surgery for epidermoid carcinoma of the anus following failed combined modality treatment.","volume":"201","author":"Eeson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070101531510200_R79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/028418601750071028","article-title":"Management of persistent or locally recurrent epidermoid cancer of the anal canal with abdominoperineal resection.","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070101531510200_R80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-006-9221-7","article-title":"Results of surgical salvage after failed chemoradiation therapy for epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal.","volume":"14","author":"Mullen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070101531510200_R81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02303552","article-title":"Salvage abdominoperineal resection following combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy for epidermoid carcinoma of the anus.","volume":"1","author":"Ellenhorn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070101531510200_R82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-007-9491-8","article-title":"Outcomes of salvage surgery for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal.","volume":"14","author":"Schiller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026070101531510200_R83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0548-5","article-title":"Oncologic outcomes of salvage surgery for epidermoid carcinoma of the anus initially managed with combined modality therapy.","volume":"47","author":"Akbari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070101531510200_R84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4908","article-title":"Patterns of local disease failure and outcome after salvage surgery in patients with anal cancer.","volume":"92","author":"Renehan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070101531510200_R85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050538","article-title":"Results of abdominoperineal resections for failures after combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy for anal canal cancers.","volume":"35","author":"Zelnick","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026070101531510200_R86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25188","article-title":"Prognostic factors derived from a prospective database dictate clinical biology of anal cancer: the intergroup trial (RTOG 98\u201311).","volume":"116","author":"Ajani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"2026070101531510200_R87","first-page":"282","article-title":"Sphincter-saving treatment in epidermoid anal cancer: cooperative analysis of 142 patients in five German university surgical centers.","volume":"15","author":"Staib","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070101531510200_R88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990315)85:6&lt;1226::AID-CNCR3&gt;3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Overexpression of p53 protein and outcome of patients treated with chemoradiation for carcinoma of the anal canal: a report of randomized trial RTOG 87\u201304. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.","volume":"85","author":"Bonin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070101531510200_R89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-255X(01)80066-4","article-title":"Results of salvage abdominoperineal resection for recurrent anal carcinoma following combined chemoradiation therapy.","volume":"5","author":"van der Wal","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026070101531510200_R90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-007-0232-x","article-title":"Salvage surgery after failed chemoradiation for anal canal cancer: should the paradigm be changed for high-risk tumors?","volume":"11","author":"Stewart","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070101531510200_R91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-008-9361-x","article-title":"Abdominoperineal resection for anal cancer.","volume":"51","author":"Mariani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070101531510200_R92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0746-1","article-title":"Salvage abdominoperineal resection after failure of conservative treatment in anal epidermoid cancer.","volume":"48","author":"Ghouti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070101531510200_R93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2005.00911.x","article-title":"Salvage abdominoperineal resection after failed Nigro protocol: modest success, major morbidity.","volume":"8","author":"Papaconstantinou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070101531510200_R94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990801)86:3&lt;405::AID-CNCR7&gt;3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Effectiveness of surgical salvage therapy for patients with locally uncontrolled anal carcinoma after sphincter-conserving treatment.","volume":"86","author":"Allal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026070101531510200_R95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237294","article-title":"Results of salvage abdominoperineal resection for anal cancer after radiotherapy.","volume":"41","author":"Pocard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070101531510200_R96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1586\/era.09.4","article-title":"Prevention, chemoradiation and surgery for anal cancer.","volume":"9","author":"Buchs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther"},{"key":"2026070101531510200_R97","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (NCI). Anal cancer treatment (PDQ). Bethesda: NCI; 2011. Available online at: http:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/cancertopics\/pdq\/treatment\/anal\/HealthProfessional\/page6 [verified October 2011]."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070101531510200_R98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555448","article-title":"Epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal. A series of 276 cases.","volume":"30","author":"Papillon","year":"1987","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070101531510200_R99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20010701)92:1&lt;77::AID-CNCR1294&gt;3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Management of inguinal lymph node metastases in patients with carcinoma of the anal canal: experience in a series of 270 patients treated in Lyon and review of the literature.","volume":"92","author":"Gerard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070101531510200_R100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2005.08.006","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node in carcinoma of the anal canal: a review.","volume":"32","author":"Damin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026070101531510200_R101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19850501)55:9+&lt;2156::AID-CNCR2820551419&gt;3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Treatment of anal canal carcinoma.","volume":"55","author":"Shank","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070101531510200_R102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-010-1063-7","article-title":"Limited value of staging squamous cell carcinoma of the anal margin and canal using the sentinel lymph node procedure: a prospective study with long-term follow-up.","volume":"17","author":"de Jong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026070101531510200_R103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v87","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdq171","article-title":"ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Anal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.","volume":"21","author":"Glynne-Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070101531510200_R104","first-page":"238","article-title":"Metastases to the lymph nodes in epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal studied by a clearing technique.","volume":"169","author":"Wade","year":"1989","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070101531510200_R105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suronc.2005.07.002","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal.","volume":"14","author":"Rousseau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070101531510200_R106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-8428(01)00193-7","article-title":"Cancer of the anal region.","volume":"43","author":"Licitra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026070101531510200_R107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000089798","article-title":"Combined multimodal approach to the treatment of metastatic anal carcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature.","volume":"29","author":"Tokar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Onkologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070101531510200_R108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.20126","article-title":"Anal cancer and cervical cancer screening: key differences.","volume":"119","author":"Darragh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026070101531510200_R109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1086\/344057","article-title":"Natural history and clinical management of anal human papillomavirus disease in men and women infected with human immunodeficiency virus.","volume":"35","author":"Chin-Hong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"S10","key":"2026070101531510200_R110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23764","article-title":"HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women.","volume":"113","author":"Gillison","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"}],"container-title":["Sexual Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/9\/6\/593\/1941003\/sh12010.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/9\/6\/593\/1941003\/sh12010.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:10:45Z","timestamp":1782918645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article\/9\/6\/593\/273894\/Squamous-cell-carcinoma-of-the-anal-canal-a-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,31]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/sh12010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-5028","1449-8987"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1448-5028","type":"print"},{"value":"1449-8987","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,31]]}}}