{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:08:11Z","timestamp":1761512891934,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4711,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With treatment options for gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) diminishing, strengthening antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance is paramount. Methods: In this study, we investigated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods, in parallel with N. gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST), for direct detection of four N. gonorrhoeae chromosomal mechanisms associated with emerging resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins using noncultured samples: an adenine deletion in the mtrR promoter, a mosaic penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2, an A501V PBP2 mutation, and alterations at positions 120 and 121 of the porB protein. The PCR assays were validated using a panel of characterised N. gonorrhoeae isolates (n = 107) and commensal Neisseria (n = 100) species. These PCR assays with NG-MAST were then applied to noncultured clinical specimens from distinct populations in Australia with differing levels of N. gonorrhoeae AMR: the Northern Territory (NT), where resistance has a low population prevalence, and Queensland (Qld), with higher AMR prevalence. Results: The real-time PCR assays proved highly sensitive and specific. When applied to the noncultured samples, only 1 out of 50 (2%) samples from NT harboured a resistant mechanism, whereas the Qld samples (n = 129) collected over different periods showed progressive acquisition of resistant mechanisms, and these were associated with specific NG-MAST types, including Type 225. Conclusions: The results suggest that our PCR-based methods could be used to rapidly pinpoint incursion of resistant strains into previously unaffected populations. Likewise, our results show that for molecular AMR surveillance, the population being investigated is as important as the genetic mechanisms being targeted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh12026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,5]],"date-time":"2012-10-05T00:40:49Z","timestamp":1349397649000},"page":"422-429","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The influence of target population on nonculture-based detection of markers of Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Namraj","family":"Goire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AQueensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children\u2019s Medical Research Institute, Children\u2019s Health Service District, Brisbane 4029, Qld, Australia."},{"name":"BClinical Medical Virology Centre, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4029, Qld, Australia."},{"name":"GCorresponding author. Email: namraj.goire@uqconnect.edu.au"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMicrobiology Laboratory, Pathology Department, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AQueensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children\u2019s Medical Research Institute, Children\u2019s Health Service District, Brisbane 4029, Qld, Australia."},{"name":"BClinical Medical Virology Centre, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4029, Qld, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graeme R.","family":"Nimmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMicrobiology Division, Pathology Queensland Central, Royal Brisbane and Women\u2019s Hospital Campus, Brisbane 4029, Qld, Australia."},{"name":"FGriffith University School of Medicine, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athena E.","family":"Limnios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DWorld Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for STD, Microbiology Department, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica M.","family":"Lahra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DWorld Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for STD, Microbiology Department, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Nissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AQueensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children\u2019s Medical Research Institute, Children\u2019s Health Service District, Brisbane 4029, Qld, Australia."},{"name":"BClinical Medical Virology Centre, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4029, Qld, Australia."},{"name":"EMicrobiology Division, Pathology Queensland Central, Royal Brisbane and Women\u2019s Hospital Campus, Brisbane 4029, Qld, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theo P.","family":"Sloots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AQueensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children\u2019s Medical Research Institute, Children\u2019s Health Service District, Brisbane 4029, Qld, Australia."},{"name":"BClinical Medical Virology Centre, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4029, Qld, Australia."},{"name":"EMicrobiology Division, Pathology Queensland Central, Royal Brisbane and Women\u2019s Hospital Campus, Brisbane 4029, Qld, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Whiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AQueensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children\u2019s Medical Research Institute, Children\u2019s Health Service District, Brisbane 4029, Qld, Australia."},{"name":"BClinical Medical Virology Centre, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4029, Qld, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102617042732200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328320a836","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae and emerging resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins.","volume":"22","author":"Tapsall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102617042732200_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3538","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00325-11","article-title":"Is Neisseria gonorrhoeae initiating a future era of untreatable gonorrhea? Detailed characterization of the first strain with high-level resistance to ceftriaxone.","volume":"55","author":"Ohnishi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102617042732200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05760-11","article-title":"High-level cefixime- and ceftriaxone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae in Europe (France): novel penA mosaic allele in a successful international clone causes treatment failure.","volume":"56","author":"Unemo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025102617042732200_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318232459b","article-title":"Sustainable antimicrobial surveillance programs essential for controlling Neisseria gonorrhoeae superbug.","volume":"38","author":"Dillon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Transm 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ceftriaxone.","volume":"66","author":"Liao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025102617042732200_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3638","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00626-06","article-title":"Amino acid substitutions in mosaic penicillin-binding protein 2 associated with reduced susceptibility to cefixime in clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.","volume":"50","author":"Takahata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025102617042732200_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq289","article-title":"Cephalosporin MIC creep among gonococci: time for a pharmacodynamic rethink?","volume":"65","author":"Chisholm","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2025102617042732200_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2010.045377","article-title":"Emergence, spread and characteristics of Neisseria 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multilocus sequence typing.","volume":"49","author":"Mavroidi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025102617042732200_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762011000500018","article-title":"Genotyping of two Neisseria gonorrhoeae fluroquinolone-resistant strains in the Brazilian Amazon region.","volume":"5","author":"Ferreira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102617042732200_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr549","article-title":"Enhanced gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance in the era of ceftriaxone resistance: a real-time PCR assay for direct detection of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae H041 strain.","volume":"67","author":"Goire","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"}],"container-title":["Sexual 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