{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:08:44Z","timestamp":1761512924928,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4501,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rapid point-of-care tests (POCTs) for chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) and gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) have the potential to confer health benefits in certain populations even at moderate sensitivities; however, suitable POCTs for these organisms are currently lacking. Methods: In this study, we investigated the use of direct urine polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with the view of implementing a simplified PCR strategy for high-throughput chlamydia and gonorrhoea screening in remote settings. Briefly, a simple dilution of the urine was performed before adding it directly to a real-time PCR reaction. The method was evaluated using 134 stored urine specimens that had been submitted for chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing and had been tested using a commercial C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae PCR method. These included samples that were PCR-positive for chlamydia (n = 87), gonorrhoea (n = 16) or both (n = 2). Direct urine testing was conducted using previously described in-house real-time PCR methods for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae as well as for recognised N.gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Results: The overall sensitivities and specificities of the direct urine PCR were 78% and 100% for chlamydia, and 83% and 100% for gonorrhoea. N.gonorrhoeae penicillin and quinolone resistance mechanisms were characterised in 14 of the 18 N. gonorrhoeae-positive samples. Conclusions: The results of this study show that the simplified PCR strategy may be a feasible approach for rapid screening and improving chlamydia and gonorrhoea treatment in remote settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh12108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,3]],"date-time":"2013-05-03T01:35:39Z","timestamp":1367544939000},"page":"299-304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Direct urine polymerase chain reaction for chlamydia and gonorrhoea: a simple means of bringing high-throughput rapid testing to remote settings?"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Frashta","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AQueensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children\u2019s Medical Research Institute, Children\u2019s Health Service District, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia."},{"name":"BClinical Medical Virology Centre, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Namraj","family":"Goire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AQueensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children\u2019s Medical Research Institute, Children\u2019s Health Service District, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia."},{"name":"BClinical Medical Virology Centre, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Guy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CKirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Kaldor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CKirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DBaker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Central Australia, Alice Springs, NT 0871, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Nissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AQueensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children\u2019s Medical Research Institute, Children\u2019s Health Service District, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia."},{"name":"BClinical Medical Virology Centre, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia."},{"name":"EMicrobiology Division, Pathology Queensland Central, Royal Brisbane and Women\u2019s Hospital Campus, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theo P.","family":"Sloots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AQueensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children\u2019s Medical Research Institute, Children\u2019s Health Service District, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia."},{"name":"BClinical Medical Virology Centre, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia."},{"name":"EMicrobiology Division, Pathology Queensland Central, Royal Brisbane and Women\u2019s Hospital Campus, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Whiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AQueensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children\u2019s Medical Research Institute, Children\u2019s Health Service District, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia."},{"name":"BClinical Medical Virology Centre, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia."},{"name":"FCorresponding author. Email: d.whiley@uq.edu.au"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2025102617054360500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1071\/SH04027","article-title":"Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Australia: epidemiology and clinical implications.","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102617054360500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550020049032","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases in disadvantaged Australian communities.","volume":"278","author":"Fairley","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025102617054360500_R3"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102617054360500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1071\/SH11074","article-title":"The impact of sexually transmissible infection programs in remote Aboriginal communities in Australia: a systematic review.","volume":"9","author":"Guy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102617054360500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.79.5.363","article-title":"Sensitivity requirements for the point-of-care diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in women.","volume":"79","author":"Vickerman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025102617054360500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520110047027","article-title":"Use of cell culture and a rapid diagnostic assay for Chlamydia trachomatis screening.","volume":"272","author":"Hook","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102617054360500_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200206000-00003","article-title":"Syndromic versus laboratory-based diagnosis of cervical infections among female sex workers in Benin: implications of nonattendance for return visits.","volume":"29","author":"Mukenge-Tshibaka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102617054360500_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2.1.29","article-title":"Decision analysis: point-of-care chlamydia testing vs. laboratory-based methods.","volume":"2","author":"Swain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102617054360500_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199904000-00010","article-title":"The rapid test paradox: when fewer cases detected lead to more cases treated: a decision analysis of tests for Chlamydia trachomatis.","volume":"26","author":"Gift","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025102617054360500_R10","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO). 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