{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:12:27Z","timestamp":1761513147466,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4480,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trichomonas vaginalis is the world\u2019s most common treatable sexually transmissible infection. Currently, wet mount microscopy and syndromic management based on vaginal discharge are the most widely used methods for diagnosing and treating trichomoniasis in resource-constrained settings. Wet mount microscopy requires equipment and trained technicians, who are in short supply. We examined the diagnostic accuracy of the OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Test for detecting T. vaginalis vaginal infection among women in Mysore, India. Methods: During July 2009\u2013August 2010, 450 sexually active women over 18 years seeking care at an urban reproductive health clinic were enrolled in the study. Clinician-collected vaginal swabs were evaluated for trichomonads using wet mount microscopy, InPouch culture and the OSOM test. Results: Of the 418 samples included in the analyses, culture detected 68 (16.3%) positive samples, wet mount microscopy detected 56 of the culture-positive samples and four false positive samples. The OSOM test detected 60 of the culture-positive samples plus two false positive cases. Using the composite reference standard (CRS), defined as wet mount- or culture-positive, the sensitivities of wet mount, the OSOM test and culture were 83.3%, 86.1% and 94.4%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of the OSOM test were 100% and 97.1% respectively. The Cohen\u2019s kappa agreement between the OSOM test and the CRS was excellent (\u03ba = 0.94). Conclusion: The OSOM test has high sensitivity, excellent specificity, and excellent positive and negative predictive value compared to a CRS. This simple test can improve screening and diagnosis of T. vaginalis infection in resource-constrained settings where microscopy and culture are unavailable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh13015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,24]],"date-time":"2013-05-24T01:14:29Z","timestamp":1369358069000},"page":"320-324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Performance of the OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Test for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among women in Mysore, India"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Purnima","family":"Madhivanan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, 11200 SW 8 Street, HLS 390W2, Miami, FL 33199, USA."},{"name":"BPublic Health Research Institute of India, Mysore 570020, India."},{"name":"GCorresponding author. Email: pmadhiva@fiu.edu"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDepartment of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, 11200 SW 8 Street, HLS 390W2, Miami, FL 33199, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Trammell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSchool of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chirayu","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDepartment of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, 11200 SW 8 Street, HLS 390W2, Miami, FL 33199, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijaya","family":"Srinivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BPublic Health Research Institute of India, Mysore 570020, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Arun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BPublic Health Research Institute of India, Mysore 570020, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Klausner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, 11200 SW 8 Street, HLS 390W2, Miami, FL 33199, USA."},{"name":"EDivision of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Krupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BPublic Health Research Institute of India, Mysore 570020, India."},{"name":"FDepartment of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, 11200 SW 8 Street, HLS 390W2, Miami, FL 33199, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102617072216300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.794-803.2004","article-title":"Trichomoniasis.","volume":"17","author":"Schwebke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R2"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.08.023","article-title":"Trichomoniasis: under control or undercontrolled?","volume":"190","author":"Soper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199707000-00008","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group.","volume":"24","author":"Cotch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1086\/511278","article-title":"Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition.","volume":"195","author":"McClelland","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.005124","article-title":"Trichomoniasis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management.","volume":"80","author":"Swygard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1071\/SH09038","article-title":"Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among young reproductive age women in India: implications for treatment and prevention.","volume":"6","author":"Madhivanan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.40526","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of bacterial vaginosis among young women of reproductive age in Mysore, India.","volume":"26","author":"Madhivanan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.300","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis.","volume":"11","author":"Petrin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2005.07.033","article-title":"Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection: the sensitivities and specificities of microscopy, culture and PCR assay.","volume":"126","author":"Radonjic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1155\/2005\/373920","article-title":"The laboratory diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis.","volume":"16","author":"Garber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R12","first-page":"39","article-title":"Methods for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis.","author":"Hobbs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Urol Rev"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-0997(2000)8:5<248::AID-IDOG1028>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Systematic review of diagnostic tests for vaginal trichomoniasis.","volume":"8","author":"Patel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1086\/518851","article-title":"Rapid antigen testing compares favorably with transcription-mediated amplification assay for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in young women.","volume":"45","author":"Huppert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2005.03.001","article-title":"What\u2019s new in bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis?","volume":"19","author":"Sobel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R16","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Assessment of a rapid antigen detection system for Trichomonas vaginalis infection.","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160524","article-title":"Point-of-care diagnostics for global health.","volume":"10","author":"Yager","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines.","volume":"55","author":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.2.684-687.2005","article-title":"Use of an immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal specimens.","volume":"43","author":"Huppert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data.","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R21"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R22","first-page":"573","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis antigens in vaginal and urine specimens by immunochromatography, compared to culture and microscopy.","volume":"38","author":"El-Moamly","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1086\/511425","article-title":"Trichomoniasis: challenges to appropriate management.","volume":"44","author":"Wendel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35239","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035239","article-title":"Identification and characterization of microsporidia from fecal samples of HIV-positive patients from Lagos, Nigeria.","volume":"7","author":"Ojuromi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.05.003","article-title":"Performance of rapid immunochromatographic assay in the diagnosis of Trichomoniasis vaginalis.","volume":"74","author":"Hegazy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00671-08","article-title":"Evaluation of the OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Test versus wet preparation examination for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis in specimens from women with a low prevalence of infection.","volume":"46","author":"Campbell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R27","first-page":"177","article-title":"Evaluation of the OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Test for detection of Trichomoniasis vaginalis.","volume":"4","author":"Zaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"PUJ"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R28","first-page":"1337","article-title":"The sensitivity of a syndromic management approach in detecting sexually transmitted diseases in patients at a public health clinic in Cape Town.","volume":"88","author":"Mathews","year":"1998","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.014845","article-title":"Lack of effectiveness of syndromic management in targeting vaginal infections in pregnancy in Entebbe, Uganda.","volume":"82","author":"Tann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R30","first-page":"152","article-title":"The presence of dsRNA virus in Trichomonas vaginalis isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic Indian women and its correlation with in vitro metronidazole sensitivity.","volume":"29","author":"Malla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2025102617072216300_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.10.005","article-title":"Comparison of APTIMA Trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification to wet mount microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in men and women.","volume":"200","author":"Nye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Sexual Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/10\/4\/320\/1254587\/sh13015.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/10\/4\/320\/1254587\/sh13015.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:07:28Z","timestamp":1761512848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article\/10\/4\/320\/184864\/Performance-of-the-OSOM-Trichomonas-Rapid-Test-for"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/sh13015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-5028","1449-8987"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1448-5028"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1449-8987"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,24]]}}}