{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T11:51:46Z","timestamp":1765885906500,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4188,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Papua New Guinea (PNG) has one of the highest prevalences of HIV and sexually transmissible infections (STIs) in the Asia-Pacific region, and one of the highest burdens of maternal syphilis and cervical cancer globally. Despite this disease burden, only limited clinical research in sexual and reproductive health has been conducted in PNG. Methods: A longitudinal clinical cohort study was conducted at two sexual health clinics. Participants completed a behavioural interview, clinical assessment and genital examination at baseline, and at 12, 24 and 50 weeks, including specimen collection for STI diagnostics. Results: In total, 154 people attended a screening visit. Reattendance at 12, 24 and 50-weeks was 87%, 78% and 80% respectively. At baseline, HIV prevalence was 3.3%; chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis), 29.2%; gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), 22.1%; Trichomonas vaginalis 15.6%; herpes simplex type-2 (HSV-2), 46.1%; active syphilis, 11.7%. Multiple infections were common particularly among women. The incidence of chlamydia was 27 per 100 person-years (PY); gonorrhoea, 15 out of 100 PY; T. vaginalis, 29 out of 100 PY; HSV-2, 12 out of 100 PY; syphilis, 8 out of 100 PY. No incident HIV cases were recorded. At baseline, 39% of men in Mt Hagen and 65% in Port Moresby had a penile foreskin cut, with a dorsal slit being the most common. Two men underwent penile cutting during the follow-up period. Conclusions: The prevalence and incidence of STIs, HIV and penile cutting were high among sexual health clinic attendees. High retention figures suggest that this population may be suitable for future interventions research and clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh13197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,11]],"date-time":"2014-03-11T21:58:34Z","timestamp":1394575114000},"page":"58-66","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["High prevalence and incidence of HIV, sexually transmissible infections and penile foreskin cutting among sexual health clinic attendees in Papua New Guinea"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Vallely","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AThe Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia."},{"name":"BPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea."},{"name":"ICorresponding author. Email: avallely@kirby.unsw.edu.au"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire E.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea."},{"name":"CThe Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea."},{"name":"DMount Hagen General Hospital, Mount Hagen, Papua New Guinea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joyce C.","family":"Sauk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENational Capital District Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cassey S.","family":"Simbiken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Wapling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea."},{"name":"CThe Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petronia","family":"Kaima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DMount Hagen General Hospital, Mount Hagen, Papua New Guinea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zure","family":"Kombati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DMount Hagen General Hospital, Mount Hagen, Papua New Guinea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FNational Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glenda","family":"Fehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, 580 Swanston Street, Carlton, Vic. 3053, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HSchool of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Siba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Male Circumcision Acceptability and Impact Study (MCAIS) team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102617095002600_R1","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer in Papua New Guinea.","author":"Vallely","year":"2013","journal-title":"P N G Med J"},{"key":"2025102617095002600_R2"},{"key":"2025102617095002600_R3"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102617095002600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2011.11.022","article-title":"Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in women with cervical cancer in Papua New Guinea.","volume":"117","author":"Tabone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2025102617095002600_R5"},{"key":"2025102617095002600_R6"},{"key":"2025102617095002600_R7"},{"key":"2025102617095002600_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.05.041","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer in Australasia and Oceania: risk-factors, epidemiology and prevention.","volume":"26","author":"Garland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025102617095002600_R9"},{"key":"2025102617095002600_R10"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025102617095002600_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15586","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015586","article-title":"The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in Papua New Guinea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"5","author":"Vallely","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102617095002600_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20107","article-title":"Global cancer statistics.","volume":"61","author":"Jemal","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102617095002600_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2011.592812","article-title":"A typology of penile cutting in Papua New Guinea: results of a modified Delphi study among sexual health specialists.","volume":"24","author":"Hill","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102617095002600_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732312467234","article-title":"Why women object to male circumcision to prevent HIV in a moderate-prevalence setting.","volume":"23","author":"Kelly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"2025102617095002600_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-67","article-title":"\u201cNow we are in a different time; various bad diseases have come.\u201d Understanding men\u2019s acceptability of male circumcision for HIV prevention in a moderate prevalence setting.","volume":"12","author":"Kelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025102617095002600_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-12-10","article-title":"More than just a cut: a qualitative study of penile practices and their relationship to masculinity, sexuality and contagion and their implications for HIV prevention in Papua New Guinea.","volume":"12","author":"Kelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102617095002600_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-11-7","article-title":"Socio-cultural and individual determinants for motivation of sexual health workers in Papua New Guinea and their implications for male circumcision as an HIV prevention strategy.","volume":"11","author":"Tynan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"2025102617095002600_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-299","article-title":"Vasectomy as a proxy: extrapolating health system lessons to male circumcision as an HIV prevention strategy in Papua New Guinea.","volume":"12","author":"Tynan","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102617095002600_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-613","article-title":"Intravaginal practices and microbicide acceptability in Papua New Guinea: implications for HIV prevention in a moderate-prevalence setting.","volume":"5","author":"Vallely","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2025102617095002600_R20","article-title":"Male circumcision for HIV prevention in Papua New Guinea: summary of research evidence and recommendations for public health policy following a national policy forum.","author":"Vallely","year":"2013","journal-title":"P N G Med J"},{"key":"2025102617095002600_R21"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102617095002600_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02241-07","article-title":"Optimal method of collection of first-void urine for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men.","volume":"46","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4839","key":"2025102617095002600_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2448875","article-title":"Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase.","volume":"239","author":"Saiki","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102617095002600_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.2.465-472.1992","article-title":"Development of a polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis.","volume":"30","author":"Riley","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102617095002600_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.1.206-213.2006","article-title":"Development and validation of a rotor-gene real-time PCR assay for detection, identification, and quantification of Chlamydia trachomatis in a single reaction.","volume":"44","author":"Jalal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102617095002600_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000154495.24519.bf","article-title":"Evaluation of opa-based real-time PCR for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.","volume":"32","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102617095002600_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991","article-title":"Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation.","volume":"29","author":"Nugent","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102617095002600_R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050354","article-title":"Maximising the potential of voluntary counselling and testing for HIV: sexually transmitted infections and HIV epidemiology in a population testing for HIV and its implications for practice.","volume":"88","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"25","key":"2025102617095002600_R29","first-page":"518","article-title":"HIV and syphilis infection among men who have sex with men \u2013 Bangkok, Thailand, 2005\u20132011.","volume":"62","author":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102617095002600_R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050472","article-title":"High rates of reinfection and incidence of bacterial sexually transmitted infections in a cohort of female sex workers from two Indian cities: need for different STI control strategies?","volume":"89","author":"Das","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102617095002600_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-818","article-title":"Foreskin cutting beliefs and practices and the acceptability of male circumcision for HIV prevention in Papua New Guinea.","volume":"13","author":"MacLaren","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025102617095002600_R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31822e60b6","article-title":"Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, human immunodeficiency virus\/herpes simplex virus type 2 coinfection, and associated risk factors in a national, population-based survey in Kenya.","volume":"38","author":"Mugo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025102617095002600_R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1086\/597074","article-title":"Factors associated with the prevalence and incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among men in Rakai, Uganda.","volume":"199","author":"Tobian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025102617095002600_R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328353b83c","article-title":"Human papillomavirus incidence and clearance among HIV-positive and HIV-negative men in sub-Saharan Africa.","volume":"26","author":"Tobian","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102617095002600_R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328011ab73","article-title":"Male circumcision as a preventive measure against HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.","volume":"20","author":"Weiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102617095002600_R36","first-page":"109846","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections and male circumcision: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"2013","author":"Van Howe","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Urol"},{"key":"2025102617095002600_R37","unstructured":"Fox L. Three dead after violent PNG riot. Sydney: ABC News; 2011. Available online at: http:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2011-08-21\/three-dead-in-png-riot\/2849024 [verified February 2014]."}],"container-title":["Sexual Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/11\/1\/58\/1254890\/sh13197.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/11\/1\/58\/1254890\/sh13197.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:09:57Z","timestamp":1761512997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article\/11\/1\/58\/184918\/High-prevalence-and-incidence-of-HIV-sexually"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/sh13197","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-5028","1449-8987"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1448-5028"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1449-8987"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]}}}