{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T22:46:38Z","timestamp":1783032398100,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3818,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although it significantly improves HIV-related outcomes, some components of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) cause lipodystrophy syndrome. The composition of combination ART has changed over time but the impact on lipodystrophy prevalence is unknown. Methods: One hundred HIV-infected males underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning, serum lipid testing and completed a questionnaire in a cross-sectional study in 2010. Thirty-four participants of a 1998 study cohort were re-evaluated in 2010. The same parameters were used to define and compare lipodystrophy, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in the two time periods. Results: In 2010, the prevalence of lipodystrophy was lower when compared with 1998 (53% v. 69%, P = 0.012), despite higher mean age (51.8 v. 42.1 years, P &amp;lt; 0.0001), duration of HIV (165 v. 86 months, P &amp;lt; 0.0001), ART exposure (129 v. 38 months, P &amp;lt; 0.0001), CD4+ cell count (601 v. 374 cells \u00b5L-1, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and waist circumference (95.5 v. 89.9 cm P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Cholesterol (5.0 v. 5.6 mmol L-1, P = 0.0001) and triglycerides (1.9 v. 3.7 mmol L-1, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) were significantly lower in 2010. Factors associated with an increased risk of lipodystrophy in 2010 were duration of HIV infection and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, whereas current tenofovir or abacavir use was associated with a decreased risk of lipodystrophy. On multivariate analysis low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR, 2.65; CI, 1.4\u20134.9) remained significant for an increased risk and current tenofovir or abacavir use with reduced risk of lipodystrophy (OR, 0.096; CI, 0.011\u20130.83). In 2010 there was a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (33 v. 28%) and higher median Framingham CVD risk (9.9% (5.7\u201314.6) v. 8.2% (4.5\u201312.9). Conclusion: Despite ageing and longer duration of HIV infection and ART exposure, the prevalence of lipodystrophy in HIV-infected men significantly declined over a 12-year period. However, a trend exists toward a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome and increased CVD risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh14084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]],"date-time":"2015-03-16T18:26:24Z","timestamp":1426530384000},"page":"240-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Changes in the prevalence of lipodystrophy, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk in HIV-infected men*"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Price","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ANutrition Department, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia."},{"name":"BInfectious Diseases Department, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia."},{"name":"ECorresponding author. Email: j.price@alfred.org.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BInfectious Diseases Department, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia."},{"name":"CDepartment of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3800, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Ridley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANutrition Department, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia."},{"name":"DDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibolya","family":"Nyulasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANutrition Department, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia."},{"name":"CDepartment of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3800, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eldho","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Woolley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BInfectious Diseases Department, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia."},{"name":"CDepartment of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3800, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102617110131600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a3172","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a3172","article-title":"HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, ageing, and non-AIDS related 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