{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T23:06:57Z","timestamp":1761347217053,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3612,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2014, and for the first time in Norway, a pharmacy chain started selling home sampling kits for Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) detection. Direct-to-consumer diagnostic kits for C. trachomatis have been available in Norway from an Internet company since 2005. There has been little assessment of persons who purchase direct-to-consumer diagnostic tests for sexually transmissible infections (STIs) detection and if low-risk populations are being unnecessarily encouraged to buy these tests. Methods: The prevalence of C. trachomatis in customers who purchased home sampling kits from the pharmacy chain and from the commercial Internet Co. were compared to that of patients attending STI clinics and other free primary healthcare services. Prevalences of other STIs in pharmacy and Internet customers were also determined. Results: The prevalence of C. trachomatis among pharmacy customers was 11%, almost identical to the prevalence among Internet customers (12%). In comparison, the prevalence among patients attending STI clinics in Oslo was 7.2%, which is similar to the prevalence among patients who have been tested through primary healthcare services. The prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium was two-fold less than that of C. trachomatis in the STI and primary physician population, and significantly less in the Internet and the pharmacy population. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was not detected in urine samples from pharmacy customers or from Internet customers. Conclusions: Both pharmacy and Internet C. trachomatis home-sampling kits seem to be purchased by the right risk population. Marketing of direct-to-consumer N. gonorrhoeae tests and possibly M. genitalium tests cannot be justified in Norway. Direct-to-consumer diagnostic tests should be actively utilised as part of national programs in preventing the spread of C. trachomatis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh14216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,14]],"date-time":"2015-06-14T20:08:41Z","timestamp":1434312521000},"page":"336-340","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Analysis of direct-to-consumer marketed Chlamydia trachomatis diagnostic tests in Norway"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nils","family":"Reinton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AF\u00fcrst Medisinsk Laboratorium, S\u00f8ren Bulls vei 25, 1051 Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stig Ove","family":"Hjelmevoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BProCelo AS, Sykehusveien 21, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00e5kon","family":"H\u00e5heim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BProCelo AS, Sykehusveien 21, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kjersti","family":"Garstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBoots Norge AS, Maridalsveien 323, 0872 Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa Therese","family":"M\u00f8rch-Reiersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBoots Norge AS, Maridalsveien 323, 0872 Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AF\u00fcrst Medisinsk Laboratorium, S\u00f8ren Bulls vei 25, 1051 Oslo, Norway."},{"name":"DCorresponding author. Email: amoghaddam@furst.no"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102419030164700_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-189","article-title":"Home-based chlamydia and gonorrhoea screening: a systematic review of strategies and outcomes.","volume":"13","author":"Jamil","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025102419030164700_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-1095","article-title":"Internet testing for Chlamydia trachomatis in England, 2006 to 2010.","volume":"12","author":"Woodhall","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025102419030164700_R3","first-page":"171","article-title":"The internet, a simple and convenient tool in Chlamydia trachomatis screening of young people. Eurosurveillance. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC).","volume":"8","author":"Novak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Comm Unit"},{"key":"2025102419030164700_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2013.11.006","article-title":"Can pharmacy assistants play a greater role in public health programs in community pharmacies? Lessons from a chlamydia screening study in Canberra, Australia.","volume":"10","author":"Deeks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Social Adm Pharm"},{"key":"2025102419030164700_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003338","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003338","article-title":"To develop and measure the effectiveness and acceptability of a pharmacy-based chlamydia screening intervention in Australia.","volume":"3","author":"Gudka","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025102419030164700_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2006.020883","article-title":"Chlamydia testing in community pharmacies: evaluation of a feasibility pilot in south east London.","volume":"16","author":"Baraitser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"key":"2025102419030164700_R7","first-page":"2080","article-title":"[Detection of Chlamydia infection of an Internet-based commercial product].","volume":"127","author":"Reinton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tidsskr den Nor l\u00e6geforening Tidsskr Prakt Med ny r\u00e6kke."},{"key":"2025102419030164700_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-010-9460-3","article-title":"A pharmacy-based private chlamydia screening programme: results from the first 2 years of screening and treatment.","volume":"33","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"2025102419030164700_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051666","article-title":"Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium; is first void urine or genital swab best?","volume":"91","author":"Hartgill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102419030164700_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1071\/SH12092","article-title":"Anatomic distribution of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium infections in men who have sex with men.","volume":"10","author":"Reinton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"2025102419030164700_R11"},{"key":"2025102419030164700_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.032748","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium in women with lower genital tract inflammation.","volume":"85","author":"Moi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102419030164700_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.032730","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with symptomatic and asymptomatic non-gonococcal urethritis in men.","volume":"85","author":"Moi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102419030164700_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2008.03.010","article-title":"Evaluation of self-collected vaginal swab, first void urine, and endocervical swab specimens for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in adolescent females.","volume":"21","author":"Fang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"key":"2025102419030164700_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4389","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01060-06","article-title":"Vulvovaginal-swab or first-catch urine specimen to detect Chlamydia trachomatis in women in a community setting?","volume":"44","author":"Skidmore","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025102419030164700_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050573","article-title":"Self-collected swabs of the urinary meatus diagnose more Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections than first catch urine from men.","volume":"89","author":"Chernesky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"}],"container-title":["Sexual Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/12\/4\/336\/146726\/sh14216.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/12\/4\/336\/146726\/sh14216.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T23:03:08Z","timestamp":1761346988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article\/12\/4\/336\/21223\/Analysis-of-direct-to-consumer-marketed-Chlamydia"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/sh14216","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-5028","1449-8987"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1448-5028"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1449-8987"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]}}}