{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T22:05:56Z","timestamp":1789250756354,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3581,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a paucity of studies looking at associations between Mycoplasma genitalium and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of M. genitalium in women attending a sexual health service in New Zealand and secondly to examine for an association of M. genitalium with PID. Methods: Women consecutively attending the service for a sexual health screen (Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis) were recruited to establish a baseline prevalence of M. genitalium. An extra cervical swab was taken for the detection of M. genitalium. Recruitment of additional women with a clinical diagnosis of PID continued until a sufficient sample size was obtained to examine the association of PID with M. genitalium. Women in the baseline sample without PID were used as the control group. Results: The control group included 250 women, with M. genitalium diagnosed in 8.7% (95% CI 5.8\u201312.9%) and C. trachomatis in 9.9% (95% CI 6.8\u201314.2%). Ninety-one women were recruited with PID; M. genitalium was diagnosed in 9.9% (95% CI 5.3\u201317.7%) and C. trachomatis in 27.5% (95% CI 19.4\u201337.4%). Multivariate analysis using clinically relevant variables showed that a diagnosis of C. trachomatis (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.24\u20134.81) but not M. genitalium (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.38\u20132.20) was significantly associated with a PID diagnosis. Conclusions:M. genitalium was almost as commonly diagnosed as C. trachomatis in this population. C. trachomatis was the only infection that was significantly associated with PID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh14238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,8]],"date-time":"2015-11-08T16:16:45Z","timestamp":1446999405000},"page":"43-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pelvic inflammatory disease associated with Chlamydia trachomatis but not Mycoplasma genitalium in New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jeannie","family":"Oliphant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AAuckland Sexual Health Service, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Private Bag 92024, Auckland 1142, New Zealand."},{"name":"BCorresponding author. Email: jeannieo@adhb.govt.nz"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunita","family":"Azariah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AAuckland Sexual Health Service, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Private Bag 92024, Auckland 1142, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102617121217000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00006-11","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium: from chrysalis to multicoloured butterfly.","volume":"24","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2010.045138","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with cervicitis and HIV infection in an urban Australian STI clinic population.","volume":"87","author":"Lusk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.012062","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium: prevalence, clinical significance, and transmission.","volume":"81","author":"Anagrius","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.032748","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium in women with lower genital tract inflammation.","volume":"85","author":"Moi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1086\/526501","article-title":"High Mycoplasma genitalium organism burden is associated with shedding of HIV-1 DNA from the cervix.","volume":"197","author":"Manhart","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1258\/095646207782716983","article-title":"Leucocyte esterase testing of first-voided urine and urethral and cervical smears to identify Mycoplasma genitalium \u2013 infected men and women.","volume":"18","author":"Hogdahl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R7","first-page":"561","article-title":"Animal models of Mycoplasma genitalium urogenital infection.","volume":"23","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Med Sci"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article ID 30184","DOI":"10.1155\/IDOG\/2006\/30184","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium among women with nongonococcal, nonchlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease.","author":"Haggerty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07848-0","article-title":"Association between Mycoplasma genitalium and acute endometritis.","volume":"359","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.015701","article-title":"Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in women with laparoscopically diagnosed acute salpingitis.","volume":"81","author":"Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2011.011066","article-title":"Difficulties experienced in defining the microbial cause of pelvic inflammatory disease.","volume":"23","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1071\/SH12168","article-title":"Cervicitis: limited clinical utility for the detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in a cross-sectional study of women attending a New Zealand sexual health clinic.","volume":"10","author":"Oliphant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R13","first-page":"49","article-title":"Cervicitis: a review.","volume":"21","author":"Lusk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R14","unstructured":"Ross J, McCarthy GUK. National guideline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease. Cheshire: British Association for Sexual Health and HIV; 2011. Available online at: http:\/\/www.bashh.org [verified 8 December 2014]."},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991","article-title":"Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation.","volume":"29","author":"Nugent","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02328-10","article-title":"Comparison of two Mycoplasma genitalium real-time PCR detection methodologies.","volume":"49","author":"Twin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2007.12.002","article-title":"High prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in women presenting for termination of pregnancy.","volume":"77","author":"Lawton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001324","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001324","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium: an emerging cause of sexually transmitted disease in women.","volume":"7","author":"McGowin","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.79.2.154","article-title":"Associations between Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, and pelvic inflammatory disease.","volume":"79","author":"Simms","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1086\/656739","article-title":"Is Mycoplasma genitalium in women the \u201cnew Chlamydia?\u201d A community-based prospective cohort study.","volume":"51","author":"Oakeshott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02455.x","article-title":"The association between Mycoplasma genitalium and pelvic inflammatory disease after termination of pregnancy.","volume":"117","author":"Bjartling","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.02.036","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium in cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease among women at a gynaecologic outpatient service.","volume":"206","author":"Bjartling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.032318","article-title":"Missing pelvic inflammatory disease? Substantial differences in the rate in which doctors diagnose PID.","volume":"84","author":"Doxanakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1086\/593188","article-title":"Azithromycin treatment failure in Mycoplasma genitalium-positive patients with nongonococcal urethritis is associated with induced macrolide resistance.","volume":"47","author":"Jensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61481","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061481","article-title":"Treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium. Observations from a Swedish STD clinic.","volume":"8","author":"Anagrius","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir702","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium: should we treat and how?","volume":"53","author":"Manhart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102617121217000_R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit752","article-title":"High prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium in nongonococcal urethritis. The need for routine testing and the inadequacy of current treatment options.","volume":"58","author":"Pond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Sexual Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/13\/1\/43\/1255183\/sh14238.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/13\/1\/43\/1255183\/sh14238.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:12:20Z","timestamp":1761513140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article\/13\/1\/43\/184969\/Pelvic-inflammatory-disease-associated-with"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,9]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/sh14238","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-5028","1449-8987"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1448-5028","type":"print"},{"value":"1449-8987","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,9]]}}}