{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:59:17Z","timestamp":1790805557592,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3364,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chlamydia and gonorrhoea are the two most common sexually transmissible infections (STI) among men who have sex with men (MSM) worldwide. Infections at the pharynx and rectum are usually asymptomatic; however, the natural history of these infections remains unknown. The aim of this study is to estimate the duration of both infections at the extragenital sites from published epidemiological cohort studies. Methods: English peer-reviewed articles were searched from 1 January 2000 to 12 March 2015 in three electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Central). The prevalence-to-incidence ratio from each study was calculated to reflect the duration of each infection. This review followed the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42014007087). Results: There were 2585 records identified, with 1721 abstracts and 52 full-text articles screened, resulting in four studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Pharyngeal gonorrhoea (114\u2013138 days) had a shorter duration of infection than rectal gonorrhoea (346 days). In addition, chlamydia had a longer duration of infection at the pharynx (667 days) and rectum (579 days) compared with gonorrhoea infection. Conclusions: Gonorrhoea has a shorter duration of infection than chlamydia, suggesting that annual STI screening will be more effective at diagnosing chlamydia than gonorrhoea. The current STI guidelines recommend screening gonorrhoea and chlamydia at least once a year in MSM; it would only detect ~30% of incident pharyngeal gonorrhoea cases, with a mean duration of 4 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh15175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]],"date-time":"2016-02-17T18:19:32Z","timestamp":1455733172000},"page":"199-204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Duration of gonorrhoea and chlamydia infection at the pharynx and rectum among men who have sex with men: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Eric P. F.","family":"Chow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, 580 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Vic. 3053, Australia."},{"name":"BCentral Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia."},{"name":"CCorresponding author. Email: echow@mshc.org.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shayne","family":"Camilleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, 580 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Vic. 3053, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, 580 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Vic. 3053, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Huffam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, 580 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Vic. 3053, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus Y.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, 580 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Vic. 3053, Australia."},{"name":"BCentral Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catriona S.","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, 580 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Vic. 3053, Australia."},{"name":"BCentral Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Fairley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, 580 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Vic. 3053, Australia."},{"name":"BCentral Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102419042457300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000232","article-title":"Substantial increases in chlamydia and gonorrhea positivity unexplained by changes in individual-level sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men in an Australian sexual health service from 2007 to 2013.","volume":"42","author":"Chow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025102419042457300_R2"},{"key":"2025102419042457300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20224","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.29.20224-en","article-title":"Rapid increase in gonorrhoea and syphilis diagnoses in England in 2011.","volume":"17","author":"Savage","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2025102419042457300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-203","article-title":"Evaluation of sexual history-based screening of anatomic sites for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in men having sex with men in routine practice.","volume":"11","author":"Peters","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102419042457300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1071\/SH15036","article-title":"Early presentation of symptomatic individuals is critical in controlling sexually transmissible infections.","volume":"12","author":"Fairley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"2025102419042457300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1071\/SH14003","article-title":"Australian sexually transmissible infection and HIV testing guidelines for asymptomatic men who have sex with men 2014: a review of the evidence.","volume":"11","author":"Templeton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"2025102419042457300_R7","first-page":"60","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015.","volume":"64","author":"Workowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2025102419042457300_R8"},{"key":"2025102419042457300_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement.","volume":"339","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025102419042457300_R10","unstructured":"Chow EPF, Ward C, Chen MY, Fairley CK. The duration of infection with chlamydia and gonorrhoea among men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Registration number: PROSPERO 2014: CRD42014007087. 2014. Available online at: http:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42014007087 [verified 20 June 2015]."},{"key":"2025102419042457300_R11"},{"key":"2025102419042457300_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4304","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05341-11","article-title":"Differing Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterial loads in the pharynx and rectum in men who have sex with men: implications for gonococcal detection, transmission, and control.","volume":"49","author":"Bissessor","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025102419042457300_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31817bdd7e","article-title":"Nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of chlamydial and gonococcal infections of the oropharynx and rectum in men who have sex with men.","volume":"35","author":"Schachter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Transm 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