{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T12:51:48Z","timestamp":1783515108212,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2691,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) use among gay and bisexual men (GBM) has increased in recent years. It is commonly cited as a sexual-enhancement drug. There is, however, little evidence for factors associated with GHB use or the consequences of its use among GBM. Aim: Factors associated with GHB use, its relationship to sexual risk behaviour, and the contexts, consequences, and motivations for its use were examined. Methods: The Following Lives Undergoing Change (Flux) Study is an online prospective observational study of Australian GBM. At baseline, a total of 3190 GBM provided details about their use of GHB. Data on frequency, methods, pleasures and consequences of their drug use, alongside key demographic variables were collected. Results: Mean age was 35.0 years. One in five men (19.5%) had a history of GHB use and 5.4% reported use within the past 6 months, with 2.7% having used it monthly or more frequently. Overdose had been experienced by 14.7%, this was more common among men who used GHB at least monthly. Being HIV-positive, having more gay friends, greater social engagement with gay men who use drugs, a greater number of sexual partners, group sex, and condomless anal intercourse with casual partners were independently associated with GHB use in the past 6 months. Greater social engagement with gay men who use drugs and group sex were independently associated with at least monthly use. More frequent GHB use was independently associated with experiencing overdose among GHB users. Conclusion: Most men used GHB infrequently and it was often used explicitly to enhance sexual experiences, often in the context of intensive sex partying. Men who used GHB frequently, were at greater risk of overdose and other negative health outcomes. GHB use should be considered alongside other drugs that have been implicated in sexual risk behaviour and HIV transmission. Harm-reduction interventions need to consider the particular impact of frequent GHB use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh17146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T19:38:17Z","timestamp":1513885097000},"page":"123-134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Intensive sex partying with gamma-hydroxybutyrate: factors associated with using gamma-hydroxybutyrate for chemsex among Australian gay and bisexual men \u2013 results from the Flux Study"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Hammoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AThe Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Level 6, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia."},{"name":"FCorresponding author. Email: mhammoud@kirby.unsw.edu.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Bourne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BAustralian Research Centre in Sex Health and Society, La Trobe University, 215 Franklin Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AThe Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Level 6, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengyi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AThe Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Level 6, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Haire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AThe Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Level 6, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toby","family":"Lea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCentre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DThe National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, 22\u201332 King St, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Grierson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EAnglia Ruskin University, Cambridge Campus. East Rd, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrett","family":"Prestage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AThe Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Level 6, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025102419071114800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(88)90038-5","article-title":"A comparison of alcohol and drug use patterns of homosexual and heterosexual men: the San Francisco Men\u2019s Health Study.","volume":"22","author":"Stall","year":"1988","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102419071114800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00759.x","article-title":"Prevalence of non-medical drug use and dependence among homosexually active men and women in the US population.","volume":"99","author":"Cochran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102419071114800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/13691050500349875","article-title":"Drug use and risk behaviour among regular ecstasy users: does sexuality make a difference?","volume":"7","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102419071114800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02596.x","article-title":"Sexual orientation, substance use behaviors and substance dependence in the United States.","volume":"104","author":"McCabe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102419071114800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025424","article-title":"Substance use in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: an update on empirical research and implications for treatment.","volume":"26","author":"Green","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"2025102419071114800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.11.005","article-title":"Sexual identity and prevalence of alcohol and other drug use among Australians in the general population.","volume":"28","author":"Roxburgh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419071114800_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3109\/16066350902770433","article-title":"Illicit drug use among men who have sex with men in England and Wales.","volume":"18","author":"Hickson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction research & theory"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025102419071114800_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.01.009","article-title":"GHB use among gay and bisexual men.","volume":"31","author":"Halkitis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419071114800_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2012.00494.x","article-title":"Trends in drug use among gay and bisexual men in Sydney, Melbourne and Queensland, Australia.","volume":"32","author":"Lea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102419071114800_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2007.10399870","article-title":"Experiences of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) ingestion: a focus group study.","volume":"39","author":"Barker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102419071114800_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2491","article-title":"Enhancing sexual desire and experience: an investigation of the sexual correlates of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) use.","volume":"30","author":"Kapit\u00e1ny-F\u00f6v\u00e9ny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419071114800_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2005.11.002","article-title":"A qualitative analysis of GHB use among gay men: reasons for use despite potential adverse outcomes.","volume":"17","author":"Palamar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2025102419071114800_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.03.012","article-title":"Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1, 4-butanediol (1, 4-BD; BDO): a literature review with a focus on UK fatalities related to non-medical use.","volume":"53","author":"Corkery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102419071114800_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-196211000-00011","article-title":"Sodium gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: a new anesthetic adjuvant.","volume":"41","author":"Blumenfeld","year":"1962","journal-title":"Anesthesia & Analgesia"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025102419071114800_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.1998.00603.x","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: an emerging recreational drug.","volume":"53","author":"Kam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419071114800_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)00191-5","article-title":"GHB: a new and novel drug of abuse.","volume":"63","author":"Nicholson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102419071114800_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/43.6.620","article-title":"An evaluation of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in paediatric practice.","volume":"43","author":"Hunter","year":"1971","journal-title":"BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025102419071114800_R18","first-page":"137","article-title":"Adverse events associated with ingestion of gamma-butyrolactone \u2013 Minnesota, New Mexico, and Texas, 1998\u20131999.","volume":"48","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1999","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419071114800_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03640.x","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: an emerging drug of abuse that causes physical dependence.","volume":"92","author":"Galloway","year":"1997","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102419071114800_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101113440202","article-title":"Adverse events, including death, associated with the use of 1, 4-butanediol.","volume":"344","author":"Zvosec","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102419071114800_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/105504901750532111","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: patterns of use, effects and withdrawal.","volume":"10","author":"Miotto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2025102419071114800_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.07.009","article-title":"Use, function, and subjective experiences of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB).","volume":"92","author":"Sumnall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419071114800_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/24.1.1","article-title":"Determination of ?-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in biological specimens by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.","volume":"24","author":"Couper","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102419071114800_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990701312316","article-title":"High-risk behaviors and hospitalizations among gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) users.","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102419071114800_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000237944.57893.28","article-title":"GHB and ethanol effects and interactions in humans.","volume":"26","author":"Thai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102419071114800_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2012.702218","article-title":"The clinical toxicology of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone and 1, 4-butanediol.","volume":"50","author":"Schep","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419071114800_R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00017-0","article-title":"GHB use among Australians: characteristics, use patterns and associated harm.","volume":"67","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102419071114800_R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00265.x","article-title":"The prevalence and correlates of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) overdose among Australian users.","volume":"98","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"35\u201336","key":"2025102419071114800_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2004.10697","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL): analysis of overdose cases reported to the Swiss Toxicological Information Centre.","volume":"134","author":"Liechti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"2025102419071114800_R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.11.039","article-title":"An observed rise in ?-hydroxybutyrate-associated deaths in London: evidence to suggest a possible link with concomitant rise in chemsex.","volume":"270","author":"Hockenhull","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102419071114800_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491513000411","article-title":"Drug overdose deaths: let\u2019s get specific.","volume":"130","author":"Slavova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102419071114800_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.23907\/2013.029","article-title":"State variation in certifying manner of death and drugs involved in drug intoxication deaths.","volume":"3","author":"Warner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad Forensic Pathol."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2025102419071114800_R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.028","article-title":"Poly-club-drug use among gay and bisexual men: a longitudinal analysis.","volume":"89","author":"Halkitis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2025102419071114800_R34"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102419071114800_R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1177\/009145091404100303","article-title":"Complex events: drug effects and emergent causality.","volume":"41","author":"Race","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contemp Drug Probl"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2025102419071114800_R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.009","article-title":"Predictors of frequent use of amphetamine type stimulants among HIV-negative gay men in Sydney, Australia.","volume":"91","author":"Prestage","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102419071114800_R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1071\/SH09014","article-title":"The role of drugs during group sex among gay men in Australia.","volume":"6","author":"Prestage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102419071114800_R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-0131-8","article-title":"A review of the literature on event-level substance use and sexual risk behavior among men who have sex with men.","volume":"16","author":"Vosburgh","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102419071114800_R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v41n02_02","article-title":"A double epidemic: crystal methamphetamine drug use in relation to HIV transmission.","volume":"41","author":"Halkitis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of homosexuality"},{"key":"2025102419071114800_R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.10.007","article-title":"Social norms related to combining drugs and sex (\u201cchemsex\u201d) among gay men in South London.","volume":"38","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102419071114800_R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052052","article-title":"Illicit drug use in sexual settings (\u2018chemsex\u2019) and HIV\/STI transmission risk behaviour among gay men in South London: findings from a qualitative study.","volume":"91","author":"Bourne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025102419071114800_R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01571.x","article-title":"Use of crystal methamphetamine among gay men in London.","volume":"101","author":"Bolding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025102419071114800_R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000180794.27896.fb","article-title":"Amphetamine use is associated with increased HIV incidence among men who have sex with men in San Francisco.","volume":"19","author":"Buchacz","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419071114800_R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328334de0b","article-title":"Use of crystal meth, Viagra and sexual behaviour.","volume":"23","author":"Fisher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102419071114800_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2017.04.670","article-title":"Off-label use of erectile dysfunction medication to enhance sex among gay and bisexual men in Australia.","volume":"14","author":"Hammoud","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102419071114800_R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.6.926","article-title":"High-risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in 6 US cities: baseline data from the EXPLORE Study.","volume":"93","author":"Koblin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102419071114800_R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1071\/SH09015","article-title":"Using drugs for sex: playing with risk?","volume":"6","author":"Prestage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102419071114800_R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01323.x","article-title":"Use of illicit drugs and erectile dysfunction medications and subsequent HIV infection among gay men in Sydney, Australia.","volume":"6","author":"Prestage","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102419071114800_R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000135991.21755.18","article-title":"Unprotected anal intercourse associated with recreational drug use among young men who have sex with men depends on partner type and intercourse role.","volume":"31","author":"Rusch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025102419071114800_R50"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025102419071114800_R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.07.013","article-title":"\u201cChemsex\u201d and harm reduction need among gay men in South London.","volume":"26","author":"Bourne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102419071114800_R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/13691050902721853","article-title":"Intensive sex partying amongst gay men in Sydney.","volume":"11","author":"Hurley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102419071114800_R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199302000-00015","article-title":"Sustaining safe sex: a longitudinal study of a sample of homosexual men.","volume":"7","author":"Kippax","year":"1993","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419071114800_R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00303-9","article-title":"Sustaining safe practice: twenty years on.","volume":"57","author":"Kippax","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102419071114800_R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(01)00096-2","article-title":"The role of folk pharmacology and lay experts in harm reduction: Sydney gay drug using networks.","volume":"12","author":"Southgate","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2025102419071114800_R56"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102419071114800_R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.082271","article-title":"Mental health of the non-heterosexual population of England.","volume":"198","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419071114800_R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2011.534038","article-title":"Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: review and recommendations.","volume":"58","author":"Haas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419071114800_R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-70","article-title":"A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people.","volume":"8","author":"King","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102419071114800_R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.02.005","article-title":"Suicidality and depression disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual youth: a meta-analytic review.","volume":"49","author":"Marshal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2025102419071114800_R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.11.012","article-title":"Following Lives Undergoing Change (Flux) study: implementation and baseline prevalence of drug use in an online cohort study of gay and bisexual men in Australia.","volume":"41","author":"Hammoud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102419071114800_R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1354-5","article-title":"The meaning of \u2018regular partner\u2019 in HIV research among gay and bisexual men: implications of an Australian cross-sectional survey.","volume":"20","author":"Bavinton","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102419071114800_R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-9919-9","article-title":"Changes in gay men\u2019s participation in gay community life: implications for HIV surveillance and research.","volume":"16","author":"Zablotska","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025102419071114800_R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025102419071114800_R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9.","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102419071114800_R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12072","article-title":"Methamphetamine use in a nationwide online sample of older Australian HIV positive and HIV-negative gay men.","volume":"32","author":"Lyons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419071114800_R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2009.00344.x","article-title":"Social factors associated with major depressive disorder in homosexually active, gay men attending general practices in urban Australia.","volume":"33","author":"Mao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419071114800_R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00918360802551365","article-title":"Sense of belonging to the general and lesbian communities as predictors of depression among lesbians.","volume":"56","author":"McLaren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Homosexuality"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419071114800_R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyp046","article-title":"Interviewer effects in public health surveys.","volume":"25","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Educ Res"},{"key":"2025102419071114800_R70"},{"key":"2025102419071114800_R71"}],"container-title":["Sexual Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/15\/2\/123\/147088\/sh17146.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/15\/2\/123\/147088\/sh17146.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T23:07:19Z","timestamp":1761347239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article\/15\/2\/123\/21314\/Intensive-sex-partying-with-gamma-hydroxybutyrate"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/sh17146","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-5028","1449-8987"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1448-5028","type":"print"},{"value":"1449-8987","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]]}}}