{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T01:03:39Z","timestamp":1781571819956,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2446,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rates of gonorrhoea continue to rise among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Australia and worldwide. Recently, it has been proposed that oropharyngeal gonorrhoea may play a role in its onward transmission and that mouthwash use may be an effective intervention for gonorrhoea prevention and control. The objective of this study was to determine the association between specific oral sex practices and frequency of mouthwash use. Methods: A questionnaire-based study was conducted among MSM attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre in Australia from March to September 2015. Logistic regression was performed to examine the association between frequent mouthwash use (i.e. daily or weekly mouthwash use) and four oral sex practices (tongue kissing, receptive fellatio with or without ejaculation, and insertive rimming) among MSM. Results: Of the 918 MSM included in the final analysis, 490 men (53.4%) were frequent mouthwash users. Participants aged 24\u201334 years were 2.13-fold (95% CI 1.52\u20132.98) and those \u226535 years were 2.64-fold (95% CI 1.83\u20133.83) more likely to use mouthwash frequently than those aged \u226424 years. The most common oral sex practice was tongue kissing (n\u00a0=\u00a0874; 95.2%), followed by receptive fellatio without ejaculation (n\u00a0=\u00a0839; 91.4%), receptive fellatio with ejaculation (n\u00a0=\u00a0610; 66.5%), then insertive rimming (n\u00a0=\u00a0356; 38.8%). No significant association was found between frequent mouthwash use and tongue kissing, receptive fellatio with or without ejaculation, or insertive rimming with regular or casual male partners in the previous 3 months. Conclusions: Younger MSM are less likely to use mouthwash. There is no association between engaging in oral sex practices and frequent mouthwash use among MSM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh18131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T00:12:32Z","timestamp":1545091952000},"page":"473-478","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Associations between oral sex practices and frequent mouthwash use in men who have sex with men: implications for gonorrhoea prevention"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6920-7710","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tiffany","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, 580 Swanston Street, Melbourne, Vic. 3053, Australia."},{"name":"CCorresponding author. Email: tphillips@mshc.org.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Fairley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, 580 Swanston Street, Melbourne, Vic. 3053, Australia."},{"name":"BCentral Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, 580 Swanston Street, Melbourne, Vic. 3053, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1766-0657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric P. F.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, 580 Swanston Street, Melbourne, Vic. 3053, Australia."},{"name":"BCentral Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2025102617155642600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000232","article-title":"Substantial increases in chlamydia and gonorrhea positivity unexplained by changes in individual-level sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men in an Australian sexual health service from 2007 to 2013.","volume":"42","author":"Chow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102617155642600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000740","article-title":"Narrative review: assessment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men who have sex with men in national and sentinel surveillance systems in the United States.","volume":"45","author":"Weston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025102617155642600_R3"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025102617155642600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002344","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: global surveillance and a call for international collaborative action.","volume":"14","author":"Wi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102617155642600_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2301.161205","article-title":"Frequent transmission of gonorrhea in men who have sex with men.","volume":"23","author":"Fairley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102617155642600_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000421","article-title":"New thinking on gonorrhoea control in MSM: are antiseptic mouthwashes the answer?","volume":"31","author":"Fairley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102617155642600_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-104-5-655","article-title":"Epidemiology and treatment of oropharyngeal gonorrhea.","volume":"104","author":"Hutt","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102617155642600_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052399","article-title":"Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the pharynx and saliva: implications for gonorrhoea transmission.","volume":"92","author":"Chow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102617155642600_R9","first-page":"395","article-title":"Gonorrhoea of the throat at a venereological clinic. Incidence and results of treatment.","volume":"51","author":"Hallqvist","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025102617155642600_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052502","article-title":"Saliva use as a lubricant for anal sex is a risk factor for rectal gonorrhoea among men who have sex with men, a new public health message: a cross-sectional survey.","volume":"92","author":"Chow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102617155642600_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052753","article-title":"Antiseptic mouthwash against pharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a randomised controlled trial and an in vitro study.","volume":"93","author":"Chow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102617155642600_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2541-3","article-title":"A multicentre double-blind randomised controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of daily use of antibacterial mouthwash against oropharyngeal gonorrhoea among men who have sex with men: the OMEGA (Oral Mouthwash use to Eradicate GonorrhoeA) study protocol.","volume":"17","author":"Chow","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025102617155642600_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164033","article-title":"Pharyngeal gonorrhoea: the willingness of Australian men who have sex with men to change current sexual practices to reduce their risk of transmission - 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