{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:46:46Z","timestamp":1790740006073,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2168,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although understanding the local epidemiology of gonorrhoea is critical for local efforts, understanding the multinational epidemiology may support development of national and international prevention and control policies and strategies. In this paper, current epidemiology of gonorrhoea is reviewed through an international lens and with a focus on selected populations. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that ~87 million new gonococcal infections occurred among people aged 15\u201349 years in 2016. Gonorrhoea rates are rising in many countries. Gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men, racial or ethnic minorities, Indigenous populations and sex workers appear to bear disproportionate burdens of gonorrhoea. International travel can facilitate spread of gonorrhoea, including resistant strains, across international borders. Critical gaps in epidemiological knowledge are highlighted, including data on gonorrhoea among transgender persons and the burden of extragenital gonorrhoea. Even as further data are gathered, action \u2014 informed by currently available data \u2014 is needed now to confront this growing international threat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh19061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T19:20:50Z","timestamp":1568143250000},"page":"401-411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":219,"title":["Epidemiology of gonorrhoea: a global perspective"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Kirkcaldy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ADivision of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA."},{"name":"DCorresponding author. Email: rkirkcaldy@cdc.gov"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Weston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADivision of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aluisio C.","family":"Segurado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BFaculty of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455, 01246-903 S\u00e3o Paulo-SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2090-7702","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gwenda","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BFaculty of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455, 01246-903 S\u00e3o Paulo-SP, Brazil."},{"name":"CHIV & STI Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121125","article-title":"An estimate of the risk of men acquiring gonorrhea by sexual contact with infected females.","volume":"91","author":"Holmes","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112597","article-title":"Cohort study of venereal disease. I: the risk of gonorrhea transmission from infected women to men.","volume":"108","author":"Hooper","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"2025102615523940900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03340230057031","article-title":"Risk of acquiring gonorrhea and prevalence of abnormal adnexal findings among women recently exposed to gonorrhea.","volume":"250","author":"Platt","year":"1983","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102615523940900_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051760","article-title":"Oral and anal sex are key to sustaining gonorrhea at endemic levels in MSM populations: a mathematical model.","volume":"91","author":"Hui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102615523940900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051118","article-title":"Chlamydia and gonorrhoea infections and the risk of adverse obstetric outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.","volume":"89","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R6","first-page":"98","article-title":"The association of gonorrhoea and syphilis with premature birth and low birthweight.","volume":"69","author":"Donders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102615523940900_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91369-L","article-title":"Preterm premature rupture of membranes: results of expectant management in patients with cervical cultures positive for group B streptococcus or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.","volume":"166","author":"Maxwell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102615523940900_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000592","article-title":"Adverse birth outcomes and maternal Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection: a population-based cohort study in Washington State.","volume":"44","author":"Heumann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102615523940900_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit437","article-title":"HIV incidence among men with and those without sexually transmitted rectal infections: estimates from matching against an HIV case registry.","volume":"57","author":"Pathela","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102615523940900_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181c3ef29","article-title":"Rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia reinfection is associated with increased risk of HIV seroconversion.","volume":"53","author":"Bernstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.010249","article-title":"The effects of urethritis on seminal plasma HIV-1 RNA loads in homosexual men no receiving antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"81","author":"Sadiq","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102615523940900_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EI10-0009-2015","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance expressed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a major global public health problem in the 21st century.","volume":"4","author":"Unemo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102615523940900_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.228486","article-title":"Global and regional estimates of the prevalence and estimates of four curable sexually transmitted infections in 2016.","volume":"97","author":"Rowley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102615523940900_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31827c5a71","article-title":"Prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae among persons 14 to 39 years of age, United States, 1999 to 2008.","volume":"40","author":"Torrone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61947-9","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and uptake of interventions for sexually transmitted infections in Britain: findings from the National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal).","volume":"382","author":"Sonnenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025102615523940900_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70144-5","article-title":"Prevalences of sexually transmitted infections in young adults and female sex workers in Peru: a national population-based survey.","volume":"12","author":"C\u00e1rcamo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002511","article-title":"Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis among women in sub-Saharan Africa: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 18 HIV prevention studies.","volume":"15","author":"Torrone","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R18"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R19"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v44i02a01","article-title":"Gonorrhea in Canada, 2010\u20132015.","volume":"44","author":"Choudhri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R21"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R22","unstructured":"Public Health England. Sexually transmitted infections and screening for chlamydia in England, 2018. Health Protection Report, Volume 13 Number 19, 7 June 2019. London: Public Health England; 2019. Available online at: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/806118\/hpr1919_stis-ncsp_ann18.pdf [verified 12 August 2019]."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102615523940900_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000235","article-title":"Surveillance systems for sexually transmitted infections: a global review.","volume":"29","author":"Mohammed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102615523940900_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2201.151331","article-title":"Increase in sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men, England, 2014.","volume":"22","author":"Mohammed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022632","article-title":"The UALE project: a cross-sectional approach for trends in HIV\/STI prevalence among key populations attending STI clinics in Guatemala.","volume":"8","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102615523940900_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3579-6","article-title":"Gonorrhea and chlamydia prevalence in different anatomical sites among men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study in Guangzhou, China.","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025102615523940900_R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu184","article-title":"Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia testing and infection among men who have sex with men\u2014STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2010\u20132012.","volume":"58","author":"Patton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2002-0","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and syphilis among men who have sex with men in Brazil.","volume":"15","author":"Cunha","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102615523940900_R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2010.043224","article-title":"High prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among HIV-1 negative men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya.","volume":"86","author":"Sanders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102615523940900_R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000311","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by anatomic site among urban Thai men who have sex with men.","volume":"42","author":"Tongtoyai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102615523940900_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052034","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections associated with alcohol use and HIV infections among men who have sex with men in Kampala, Uganda.","volume":"92","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025102615523940900_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6814a1","article-title":"Extragenital chlamydia and gonorrhoea among community venue-attending men who have sex with men\u2014 5 Cities, United States, 2017.","volume":"68","author":"Johnson Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH18097","article-title":"Gonorrhoea gone wild: rising incidence of gonorrhoea and associated risk factors among gay and bisexual men attending Australian sexual health clinics.","author":"Callander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051662","article-title":"There has been a true rise in Neisseria gonorrhoeae but not in Chlamydia trachomatis in men who have men with men in Dublin, Ireland.","volume":"90","author":"Igoe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2344-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of infections by HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, and lymphogranuloma venereum in Barcelona City: a population-based incidence study.","volume":"15","author":"Mart\u00ed-Pastor","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102615523940900_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000740","article-title":"Narrative review: assessment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men who have sex with men in national and sentinel surveillance systems in the United States.","volume":"45","author":"Weston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025102615523940900_R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000623","article-title":"Increases in the rate of Neisseria gonorrhoeae among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men \u2013 findings from the Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Network 2010\u20132015.","volume":"44","author":"Stenger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102615523940900_R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000250","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infection trends among gay or bisexual men from a clinic-based sentinel surveillance system in British Columbia, Canada.","volume":"42","author":"Ling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102615523940900_R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.14.110","article-title":"The epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections in the UK: impact of behavior, services, and interventions.","volume":"10","author":"Hughes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102615523940900_R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00002-X","article-title":"International dissemination of azithromycin-resistant shigellosis through sexual transmission: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"15","author":"Baker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102615523940900_R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318247925e","article-title":"A comparison of sexual behavior patterns among men who have sex with men and heterosexual men and women.","volume":"60","author":"Glick","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102615523940900_R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052676","article-title":"Sexual networks and infection transmission networks among men who have sex with men as causes of disparity and targets of prevention.","volume":"93","author":"Spicknall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025102615523940900_R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1799-1","article-title":"Trends in sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM) in high-income countries, 1990\u20132013: a systematic review.","volume":"21","author":"Hess","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025102615523940900_R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001139","article-title":"Trends in condom use among MSM in the United States: the role of antiviral therapy and seroadaptive strategies.","volume":"30","author":"Paz-Bailey","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv077","article-title":"Increases in condomless sex in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study.","volume":"2","author":"Kouyos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102615523940900_R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001128","article-title":"Changes in condomless sex and serosorting among men who have sex with men after HIV diagnosis.","volume":"73","author":"Khosropour","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000947","article-title":"Trends in serosorting and the association with HIV\/STI risk over time among men who have sex with men.","volume":"72","author":"Khosropour","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102615523940900_R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.4230","article-title":"Characteristics of men who have sex with men in southern Africa who seek sex online: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"17","author":"Stahlman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025102615523940900_R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/10683","article-title":"Meeting sexual partners through internet sites and smartphone apps in Australia: national representative study.","volume":"20","author":"Watchirs Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102615523940900_R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1071\/SH16099","article-title":"Global travel and HIV\/STI epidemics among MSM: what does the future hold?","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102615523940900_R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6092-3","article-title":"The use of geospatial networking smartphone applications and the risk of sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men: as systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102615523940900_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053637","article-title":"Use of geospatial networking applications is independently associated with diagnosis of STI among men who have sex with men testing for STIs: findings from the cross-sectional MSM Internet Survey Ireland (MISI) 2015.","volume":"95","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102615523940900_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001718","article-title":"Incidence of sexually transmitted infections before and after preexposure prophylaxis for HIV.","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025102615523940900_R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-018-1220-9","article-title":"Gay circuit parties in Barcelona and their impact on gonorrhea incidence.","volume":"47","author":"Leyva-Moral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000389","article-title":"Is group sex a higher-risk setting for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections compared with dyadic sex among men who have sex with men?","volume":"43","author":"van den Boom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102615523940900_R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-015-0554-9","article-title":"Group sex and prevalent sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men.","volume":"45","author":"Rice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.10.008","article-title":"Chemsex, risk behaviors, and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men in Dublin, Ireland.","volume":"52","author":"Glynn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"2025102615523940900_R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-5-201303050-00004","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance among men who have sex with men and men who have sex exclusively with women: the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 2005\u20132010.","volume":"158","author":"Kirkcaldy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025102615523940900_R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70143-9","article-title":"Decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins among gonococci: data from the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (GRASP) in England and Wales, 2007\u20132011.","volume":"13","author":"Ison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102615523940900_R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx520","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with MDR Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England and Wales between 2004 and 2015: analysis of annual cross-sectional surveys.","volume":"73","author":"Clifton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881600234X","article-title":"Differences in Neisseria gonorrhoeae population structure and antimicrobial resistance pattern between men who have sex with men and heterosexuals.","volume":"145","author":"Serra-Pladevall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv47","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051020","article-title":"The role of core groups in the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant N. gonorrhoeae.","volume":"89","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102615523940900_R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70693-5","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with reduced susceptibility to cefixime in the USA: a retrospective observational study.","volume":"14","author":"Grad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053287","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing reveals transmission of gonococcal antibiotic resistance among men who have sex with men: an observational study.","volume":"94","author":"Kwong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102615523940900_R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051731","article-title":"Will targeting oropharyngeal gonorrhoea delay the further emergence of drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains?","volume":"91","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R66"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102615523940900_R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S207","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001086","article-title":"Transgender people and HIV prevention: what we know and what we need to know, a call to action.","volume":"72","author":"Mayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102615523940900_R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1071\/SH17096","article-title":"Current research gaps: a global systematic review of HIV and sexually transmissible infections among transgender populations.","volume":"14","author":"MacCarthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102615523940900_R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1071\/SH17050","article-title":"Transgender HIV and sexually transmissible infections.","volume":"14","author":"McNulty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025102615523940900_R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2013.855701","article-title":"Sexual risk behaviors and psychosocial health concerns of female-to-male transgender men screening for STDs at an urban community health center.","volume":"26","author":"Reisner","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"9964","key":"2025102615523940900_R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60833-3","article-title":"HIV risk and preventive interventions in transgender women sex workers.","volume":"385","author":"Poteat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053835","article-title":"High burden of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in pharyngeal, rectal and urethral sites among Thai transgender women: implications for anatomical site selection for the screening of STI.","author":"Hiransuthikul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102615523940900_R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9773-1","article-title":"Male to female and female to male transgender persons have different sexual risk behaviors yet similar rates of STDs and HIV.","volume":"15","author":"Stephens","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000917","article-title":"Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human immunodeficiency virus infection among transgender women and transgender men attending clinics that provide sexually transmitted disease services in six US cities: results from the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Surveillance Network.","volume":"46","author":"Pitasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462416630909","article-title":"High prevalence of extra-genital chlamydial or gonococcal infections among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru.","volume":"28","author":"Allan\u2013Blitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102615523940900_R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5365\/wpsar.2014.5.1.001","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections among transgender people and men who have sex with men in Port Vila, Vanuatu.","volume":"6","author":"Veronese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Western Pac Surveill Response J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102615523940900_R77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2015.1020750","article-title":"Laboratory-confirmed HIV and sexually transmitted infection seropositivity and risk behavior among sexually active transgender patients at an adolescent and young adult urban community health center.","volume":"27","author":"Reisner","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052710","article-title":"Patterns of sexual behavior and sexual healthcare needs among transgender individuals in Melbourne, Australia, 2011\u20132014.","volume":"94","author":"Bellhouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025102615523940900_R79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008135","article-title":"Correlates and prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among Hijras (male transgenders) in Pakistan.","volume":"19","author":"Khan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"15","key":"2025102615523940900_R80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816001679","article-title":"Examining the role of socioeconomic deprivation in ethnic differences in sexually transmitted infection diagnosis rates in England: evidence from surveillance data.","volume":"144","author":"Furegato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181a2647b","article-title":"High rates of STD and sexual risk behaviors among Gar\u00edfunas in Honduras.","volume":"51","author":"Paz-Bailey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R82","unstructured":"The Kirby Institute. Bloodborne viral and sexually transmissible infections in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: annual surveillance report 2017. Sydney: The Kirby Institute; 2017. Available online at: https:\/\/kirby.unsw.edu.au\/sites\/default\/files\/kirby\/report\/KirbyInst_Indigenous_ASR2017-compressed.pdf [verified 15 February 2019]."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102615523940900_R83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199803000-00002","article-title":"Do differences in sexual behaviors account for the racial\/ethnic differences in adolescents\u2019 self-reported history of a sexually transmitted disease?","volume":"25","author":"Ellen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102615523940900_R84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199905000-00003","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic group differences in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States: a network explanation.","volume":"26","author":"Laumann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025102615523940900_R85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31818d3cad","article-title":"Social determinants and sexually transmitted disease disparities.","volume":"35","author":"Hogben","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.1086\/425280","article-title":"Social context, sexual networks, and racial disparities in rates of sexually transmitted infections.","volume":"191","author":"Adimora","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R87"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025102615523940900_R88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31818f2ae1","article-title":"Access to care issues for African American communities: implications for STD disparities.","volume":"35","author":"Parrish","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102615523940900_R89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053273","article-title":"100 years of STIs in the UK: a review of national surveillance data.","volume":"94","author":"Mohammed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102615523940900_R90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/1538192709349917","article-title":"Healthcare access among Latinos: implications for social and health care reform.","volume":"9","author":"P\u00e9rez-Escamilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hisp High Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102615523940900_R91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011389105821","article-title":"The effect of fear on access to care among undocumented Latino immigrants.","volume":"3","author":"Berk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immigr Health"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60914-4","article-title":"Indigenous health part 1: determinants and disease patterns.","volume":"374","author":"Gracey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60827-8","article-title":"Indigenous health part 2: the underlying causes of the health gap.","volume":"374","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052412","article-title":"Addressing structural challenges for the sexual health and wellbeing of Indigenous women in Australia.","volume":"92","author":"Arabena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12355","article-title":"Social determinants in the sexual health of adolescent Aboriginal Australians: a systematic review.","volume":"26","author":"MacPhail","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549101250S409","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases among American Indians in Arizona: an important public health disparity.","volume":"125","author":"Winscott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102615523940900_R97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12114","article-title":"Substance use and sexual risk behaviors among American Indian and Alaska Native high school students.","volume":"84","author":"de Ravello","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R98","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS). UNAIDS Data 2017. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2017. Available online at: http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/2017_data-book_en.pdf [verified 15 February 2019]."},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051381","article-title":"The sexual health of female sex workers compared with other women in England: analysis of cross-sectional data from genitourinary medicine clinics.","volume":"90","author":"Mc Grath-Lone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102615523940900_R100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318286b9d4","article-title":"Decline in prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Benin over 15 years of targeted interventions.","volume":"63","author":"B\u00e9hanzin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050171","article-title":"Injection drug use, sexual risk, and STI\/HIV among Moscow female sex workers.","volume":"88","author":"Decker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025102615523940900_R102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000662","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among cisgender and transgender women sex workers in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: results from a respondent-driven sampling study.","volume":"44","author":"Wickersham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102615523940900_R103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31823b1937","article-title":"Findings from Encontros: a multilevel STI\/HIV intervention to increase condom use, reduce STI, and change the social environment among sex workers in Brazil.","volume":"39","author":"Lippman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102615523940900_R104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000714","article-title":"Rising chlamydia and gonorrhoea incidence and associated risk factors among female sex workers in Australia: a retrospective cohort study.","volume":"45","author":"Callander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102615523940900_R105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.100397","article-title":"Ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Japan.","volume":"17","author":"Ohnishi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102615523940900_R106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix485","article-title":"Cluster of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with high-level azithromycin resistance and decreased ceftriaxone susceptibility, Hawaii, 2016.","volume":"65","author":"Katz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050290","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, sexual practices and STI\/HIV prevalence in male sex workers and other men who have sex in Tel Aviv, Israel: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"88","author":"Mor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1059","article-title":"An exploration of elevated HIV and STI risk among male sex workers from India.","volume":"13","author":"Narayanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050276","article-title":"High prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among male sex workers in Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: need for services tailored to their needs.","volume":"88","author":"Vuylsteke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102615523940900_R110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051320","article-title":"The sexual health of male sex workers in England: analysis of cross-sectional data from genitourinary medicine clinics.","volume":"90","author":"Mc Grath-Lone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2016.1204421","article-title":"Transactional sex and the challenges to safer sexual behaviors: a study among male sex workers in Chennai, India.","volume":"29","author":"Biello","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1327-8","article-title":"Is intimate partner and client violence associated with condomless anal intercourse and HIV among male sex workers in Lima, Peru?","volume":"20","author":"George","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102615523940900_R113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418800848","article-title":"Sexual and physical violence and associated factors among female sex workers in Rwanda: a cross-sectional survey.","volume":"30","author":"Mutagoma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025102615523940900_R114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418785297","article-title":"Sexual risk behaviors and practices of female sex workers in Rwanda in over a decade, 2006\u20132015.","volume":"29","author":"Mutagoma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025102615523940900_R115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2016.1206603","article-title":"Correlates of unprotected sex with male clients among female sex workers in 13 Mexican cities.","volume":"12","author":"Semple","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4346-0","article-title":"Sexual and reproductive health outcomes among female sex workers in Johannesburg and Pretoria, South Africa: recommendations for public health programmes.","volume":"17","author":"Slabbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-018-1186-7","article-title":"HIV stigma mediates the association between social cohesion and consistent condom use among female sex workers living with HIV in the Dominican Republic.","volume":"47","author":"Carrasco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.09.037","article-title":"Drug use patterns and associated factors among female sex workers in Iran.","volume":"90","author":"Shokoohi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R119","article-title":"Dual epidemics of club drug use and sexually transmitted infections among Chinese female sex workers: new challenges in STI prevention.","volume":"1\u20137","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res Intern"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025102615523940900_R120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186457","article-title":"Transgender female sex workers\u2019 HIV knowledge, experienced stigma, and condom use in the Dominican Republic.","volume":"12","author":"Budhwani","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R121"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2018.03.002","article-title":"A meta-analysis and systematic literature review of factors associated with sexual risk-taking during international travel.","volume":"24","author":"Svensson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"20","key":"2025102615523940900_R123","first-page":"30537","article-title":"Travel-associated gonorrhea in four Nordic countries, 2008 to 2013.","volume":"22","author":"Beaut\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"7987","key":"2025102615523940900_R124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92466-1","article-title":"Beta-lactamase-producing, penicillin-resistant gonococcus.","volume":"308","author":"Phillips","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7987","key":"2025102615523940900_R125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92467-3","article-title":"Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae.","volume":"308","author":"Ashford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-197904000-00021","article-title":"Epidemiology and treatment of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae.","volume":"6","author":"Ferine","year":"1979","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102615523940900_R127","first-page":"141","article-title":"Rapid decline in penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Hong Kong associated with emerging 4-fluoroquinolone resistance.","volume":"71","author":"Kam","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102615523940900_R128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.6.1462-1464.1996","article-title":"Detection of quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae.","volume":"34","author":"Kam","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102615523940900_R129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199609000-00014","article-title":"Quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Sydney, Australia, 1991\u20131995.","volume":"23","author":"Tapsall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025102615523940900_R130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.9.2200","article-title":"Emerging in vitro resistance to quinolones in penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains in Hawaii.","volume":"38","author":"Knapp","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R131","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Increases in fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae\u2014Hawaii and California, 2001.","volume":"51","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1086\/381546","article-title":"The epidemiology of fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Hawaii, 2001.","volume":"38","author":"Newman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102615523940900_R133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1308.060948","article-title":"Threat to cefixime treatment for gonorrhea.","volume":"13","author":"Yokoi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1086\/377500","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to cefixime\u2014Hawaii, 2001.","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"47","key":"2025102615523940900_R135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.47.19721-en","article-title":"Two cases of verified clinical failures using internationally recommended first-line cefixime for gonorrhoea treatment, Norway, 2010.","volume":"15","author":"Unemo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102615523940900_R136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.176575","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae treatment failure and susceptibility to cefixime in Toronto, Canada.","volume":"309","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102615523940900_R137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt034","article-title":"Phenotypic and genetic characterization of the first two cases of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in South Africa and association with cefixime treatment failure.","volume":"68","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1512757","article-title":"Failure of dual antimicrobial therapy in treatment of gonorrhea.","volume":"374","author":"Fifer","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R139","unstructured":"Public Health England. Multi-drug resistant gonorrhoea in England: 2018. London: Public Health England; 2018. Available online at: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/multi-drug-resistant-gonorrhoea-in-england-2018 [verified 10 May 2019]."},{"key":"2025102615523940900_R140","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health. Multi-drug resistant gonorrhoea (Media statement, 17 April 2018). Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2018. Available online at: https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/news\/multi-drug-resistant-gonorrhoea [verified 12 August 2019]."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025102615523940900_R141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.10.1900147","article-title":"Detection in the United Kingdom of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae FC428 clone, with ceftriaxone resistance and intermediate resistance to azithromycin, October to December 2018.","volume":"24","author":"Eyre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"}],"container-title":["Sexual Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/16\/5\/401\/799265\/sh19061.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/16\/5\/401\/799265\/sh19061.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T19:52:45Z","timestamp":1761508365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article\/16\/5\/401\/101986\/Epidemiology-of-gonorrhoea-a-global-perspective"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/sh19061","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-5028","1449-8987"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1448-5028","type":"print"},{"value":"1449-8987","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]}}}