{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T12:35:11Z","timestamp":1787661311089,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1070,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in lockdowns worldwide, with reports suggesting a concomitant increase in the incidence of intimate partner violence (IPV). This study was part of the International Sexual and Reproductive Health (I-SHARE) Consortium, examining IPV and its correlates before and during lockdown in April 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional observational study, conducted online during August\u2013September 2020, recruited 259 participants from Singapore who reported having a steady partner. Alongside socio-demographic data before and during COVID-19 lockdown, the respondents self-reported their encounters with partner violence. Partner violence was measured using an adapted six-item version of the WHO IPV scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data revealed an incidence of 17.2%, 25.0%, 16.7%, 17.6%, 17.5% and 18.5% of restriction of contact with others, verbal abuse, restriction of access to finances, physical violence, pressured sex and forced sex, respectively, before COVID-19 lockdown. During lockdown, incidences of these forms of violence were 17.4%, 19.8%, 14.7%, 13.5%, 14.7% and 15.2%, respectively. Multivariable analyses showed that being younger, being non-heterosexual, and having more children and adolescents at home were significantly associated with partner violence both before and during lockdown. Analyses also revealed that being of Chinese ethnicity and having a monthly income above SGD3000 were not significantly correlated to partner violence before lockdown but emerged as significant during lockdown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Some sociodemographic factors were associated with violence regardless of lockdown, while other factors were exacerbated by lockdown. Interventions should consider these key correlates of partner-based violence, ensuring adequate and appropriate support for vulnerable populations both within and outside of lockdown contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh21229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T20:08:00Z","timestamp":1653941280000},"page":"192-201","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Intimate partner violence before and during the COVID-19 lockdown: findings from a cross-sectional study in Singapore"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6171-1020","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caitlin Alsandria","family":"O\u2019Hara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9188-3368","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rayner Kay Jin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BUniversity of North Carolina Project-China, Guangzhou, China."},{"name":"CSaw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2025102419125365400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764021995556","article-title":"COVID-19 and the violence against women and girls: \u2018The shadow pandemic\u2019.","volume":"67","author":"Sri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102419125365400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/wmh3.366","article-title":"COVID-19 shelter-at-home orders: impacts and policy responses in the context of intimate partner violence.","volume":"12","author":"Walters","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Med Health Policy"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R3"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R4"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-021-00262-9","article-title":"The association between intimate partner violence and functional gastrointestinal disorders and symptoms among adult women: systematic review.","volume":"37","author":"Banjar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Fam Viol"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.011","article-title":"Substance use and mental health disorders are linked to different forms of intimate partner violence victimisation.","volume":"151","author":"Salom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102419125365400_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3182478fa5","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and sexually transmitted infections among young adult women.","volume":"39","author":"Hess","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R8","article-title":"Lockdowns around the world bring rise in domestic violence.","author":"Graham-Harrison","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Guardian"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2025102419125365400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2021-sti.156","article-title":"O18.5 comparison of intimate partner violence prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from the I-SHARE cross-sectional multi-country study.","volume":"97","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-021-00260-x","article-title":"Experiences of intimate partner violence during lockdown and the COVID-19 pandemic.","author":"Lyons","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fam Violence"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R11","unstructured":"Peterman A, Potts A, O\u2019Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, Oertelt-Prigione S, et al. Pandemics and violence against women and children. Center for Global Development; 2020. Available at https:\/\/www.cgdev.org\/publication\/pandemics-and-violence-against-women-and-children [cited 22 October 2021]"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1712","article-title":"Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions.","volume":"369","author":"Roesch","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R13","article-title":"Isolated with your abuser? Why COVID-19 outbreak has seen uptick in family violence.","author":"Hingorani","year":"2021","journal-title":"AWARE"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R14","unstructured":"Government of Singapore. PM Lee\u2019s address on the COVID-19 situation in Singapore (21 April 2020). Government of Singapore; 2021. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.sg\/article\/pm-lees-address-on-the-covid-19-situation-in-singapore-21-april-2020 [cited 30 October 2021]"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102419125365400_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054664","article-title":"International Sexual Health and REproductive Health (I-SHARE) survey during COVID-19: study protocol for online national surveys and global comparative analyses.","volume":"97","author":"Michielsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R16"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R17"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.10.009","article-title":"Risk markers for physical intimate partner violence victimization: a meta-analysis.","volume":"44","author":"Spencer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102419125365400_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-9975-8","article-title":"Dating violence experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth.","volume":"43","author":"Dank","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419125365400_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.118.1.3","article-title":"The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: a review of theory, methods, and research.","volume":"118","author":"Karney","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psycholog Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102419125365400_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000714","article-title":"Applying relationship science to evaluate how the COVID-19 pandemic may impact couples\u2019 relationships.","volume":"76","author":"Pietromonaco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Psychologist"},{"issue":"31\u201332","key":"2025102419125365400_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2020.0534","article-title":"Domestic violence against men\u2014prevalence and risk factors.","volume":"117","author":"Kolbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R23","unstructured":"Singapore Department of Statistics. Singapore Department of Statistics \u2013 Singstat. 2020. Available at https:\/\/www.singstat.gov.sg\/-\/media\/files\/publications\/cop2020\/sr2\/findings2.pdf [cited 24 March 2022]"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R24","unstructured":"Ministry of Manpower, Singapore. Are Singaporeans working more remotely? Article: Impact of COVID-19: Remote Working in Singapore; 2022. Available at https:\/\/stats.mom.gov.sg\/Pages\/Impact-of-COVID-19-Remote-Working-in-Singapore.aspx [cited 24 March 2022]"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-020-09533-5","article-title":"When stay-at-home orders leave victims unsafe at home: exploring the risk and consequences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"45","author":"Kaukinen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Crim Justice"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102419125365400_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075211012098","article-title":"Examining associations between COVID-19 stressors, intimate partner violence, health, and health behaviors.","volume":"38","author":"Gresham","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Soc Pers Relatsh"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419125365400_R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000074","article-title":"Substance use and intimate partner violence: a meta-analytic review.","volume":"8","author":"Cafferky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Violence"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R28","article-title":"MSF launches 24-Hour domestic violence helpline for victims, public to seek help.","author":"Ang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Channel News Asia"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025102419125365400_R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094698","article-title":"Intimate partner violence against women during the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain.","volume":"18","author":"Vives-Cases","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025102419125365400_R30","unstructured":"ACOG. Intimate Partner Violence. ACOG; 2021. Available at https:\/\/www.acog.org\/clinical\/clinical-guidance\/committee-opinion\/articles\/2012\/02\/intimate-partner-violence [cited 22 October 2021]"},{"issue":"22","key":"2025102419125365400_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E609","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200634","article-title":"Health care practitioners\u2019 responsibility to address intimate partner violence related to the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"192","author":"Bradley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"}],"container-title":["Sexual Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/19\/3\/192\/149890\/sh21229.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/19\/3\/192\/149890\/sh21229.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T23:13:01Z","timestamp":1761347581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article\/19\/3\/192\/21625\/Intimate-partner-violence-before-and-during-the"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"McDaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/sh21229","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-5028","1449-8987"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1448-5028","type":"print"},{"value":"1449-8987","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]}}}