{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:05:02Z","timestamp":1787828702289,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sex. Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background   Men who have sex with men (MSM) taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are recommended to have screening for asymptomatic chlamydia and gonorrhoea every 3\u00a0months with high rates of asymptomatic chlamydia and gonorrhoea detected. However, there is little evidence about the effectiveness of this screening interval and there is increasing concern about antibiotic consumption and its impact on antimicrobial resistance. There have been calls to reconsider this frequent screening for chlamydia and gonorrhoea. We conducted interviews with MSM to assess their attitudes to 3-monthly chlamydia and gonorrhoea screening.     Methods   Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with MSM living in Victoria, Australia. Participants were aged 20\u201362\u00a0years and had been taking PrEP for at least 6\u00a0months. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed, and these data were investigated through reflexive thematic analysis.     Results   Thirteen interviews were conducted in August 2021. Participants were hesitant about reducing the screening frequency and reported that testing gave them a sense of security. While MSM recognised antimicrobial resistance was a concern, it did not impact their sexual behaviour, with many participants stating they would rather continue to take antibiotics to treat infections rather than adopt preventative measures such as condom use. Positive attitudes towards screening interval changes are more likely when PrEP patients are informed about the risks and benefits of sexual healthcare recommendations.     Conclusion   While MSM on PrEP were initially hesitant to changes in screening frequency, changes may be acceptable if transparent communication, presenting the benefits and harms of screening and treatment, was delivered by a trusted healthcare professional.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh22139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T20:23:41Z","timestamp":1678911821000},"page":"148-157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Would men who have sex with men support less frequent screening for asymptomatic chlamydia and gonorrhoea to improve antibiotic stewardship? A qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9203-0332","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amelia Margaret","family":"Wardley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrietta","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9520-5724","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Coombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Caddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9081-1664","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher Kincaid","family":"Fairley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9329-8501","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jane Simone","family":"Hocking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"SH22139R1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP). Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2019. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2019."},{"key":"SH22139R2","first-page":"E212","article-title":"Sexually Transmitted infections in Melbourne, Australia from 1918 to 2016: nearly a century of data.","volume":"41","year":"2017","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell Q Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"SH22139R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-019-00446-5","article-title":"Confronting rising STIs in the era of PrEP and treatment as prevention.","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"SH22139R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2010.22.2.126","article-title":"HIV treatment optimism and unsafe anal intercourse among HIV-positive men who have sex with men: findings from the positive connections study.","volume":"22","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"SH22139R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-006-9100-z","article-title":"Prevalence of treatment optimism-related risk behavior and associated factors among men who have sex with men in 11 states, 2000\u20132001.","volume":"11","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"SH22139R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2011.0283","article-title":"Sexual risk behaviors and acceptability of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among HIV-negative gay and bisexual men in serodiscordant relationships: a mixed methods study.","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"key":"SH22139R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1097\/qai.0b013e3181e19a54","article-title":"Preexposure prophylaxis and predicted condom use among high-risk men who have sex with men.","volume":"54","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"SH22139R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy182","article-title":"Effects of pre-exposure prophylaxis for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection on sexual risk behavior in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"67","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"SH22139R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/olq.0000000000000623","article-title":"Increases in the rate of  among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men \u2013 findings from the sexually transmitted disease surveillance network 2010\u20132015.","volume":"44","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"SH22139R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086603","article-title":"Social networking smartphone applications and sexual health outcomes among men who have sex with men.","volume":"9","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"SH22139R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0760-9","article-title":"Use of geosocial networking (GSN) mobile phone applications to find men for sex by men who have sex with men (MSM) in Washington, DC.","volume":"18","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"SH22139R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-016-0709-3","article-title":"Characteristics of men who have sex with men who use smartphone geosocial networking applications and implications for HIV interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"46","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"7","key":"SH22139R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02411-0","article-title":"Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness and use within high HIV transmission networks.","volume":"23","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"SH22139R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s2","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12718","article-title":"BHIVA\/BASHH guidelines on the use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) 2018.","volume":"20","year":"2019","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"SH22139R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002020","article-title":"We need to consider collateral damage to resistomes when we decide how frequently to screen for chlamydia\/gonorrhoea in preexposure prophylaxis cohorts.","volume":"33","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"SH22139R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17955.2","article-title":"Screening is not associated with reduced incidence of gonorrhoea or chlamydia in men who have sex with men (MSM); 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Sydney: Centre for Social Research in Health, Victorian AIDS Council\/Gay Men\u2019s Health Centre, Department of Health Victoira, The Kirby Institute; 2014."},{"key":"SH22139R34","unstructured":"Galletta A, Cross WE Jr. Mastering the semi-structured interview and beyond: from research design to analysis and publication. New York University Press; 2013."},{"key":"SH22139R35","unstructured":"Serry T, Liamputtong P. The in-depth interviewing method in health. In: Liamputtong P, editor. Research methods in health: foundations for evidence-based practice. Oxford University Press; 2013. pp. 39\u201353."},{"key":"SH22139R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V, Hayfield N, Terry G. Thematic analysis. In: Liamputtong P, editor. Handbook of research methods in health social sciences. 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Monitoring HIV pre exposure prophylaxis uptake in Australia: PBS-subsidised HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis from April 2018 to June 2020. 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