{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:04:47Z","timestamp":1789095887067,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":620,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008810","name":"NSW Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008810","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003921","name":"Department of Health and Aged Care, Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In mid-2022, a global mpox (formerly \u2018monkeypox\u2019) outbreak affecting predominantly gay and bisexual men emerged in non-endemic countries. Australia had never previously recorded mpox cases and there was no prior research on knowledge or attitudes to mpox among gay and bisexual men across Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a national, online cross-sectional survey between August 2022 and September 2022. Participants were recruited through community organisation promotions, online advertising, and direct email invitations. Eligible participants were gay, bisexual or queer; identified as male (cisgender or transgender) or non-binary; aged 16\u00a0years or older; and lived in Australia. The main outcome measures were: knowledge and concern about mpox; recognition of mpox symptoms and transmission routes; vaccination history; acceptability of behavioural changes to reduce mpox risk, and willingness to be vaccinated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 2287 participants, most participants were male (2189\/2287; 95.7%) and gay (1894\/2287; 82.8%). Nearly all had heard about mpox (2255\/2287; 98.6%), and the majority were concerned about acquiring it (1461\/2287; 64.4%). Most of the 2268 participants not previously diagnosed with mpox correctly identified skin lesions (2087; 92%), rash (1977; 87.2%), and fever (1647; 72.6%) as potential symptoms, and prolonged and brief skin-to-skin contact as potential ways to acquire mpox (2124, 93.7%; and 1860, 82%, respectively). The most acceptable behavioural changes were reducing or avoiding attendance at sex parties (1494; 65.9%) and sex-on-premises venues (1503; 66.4%), and having fewer sexual partners (1466; 64.6%). Most unvaccinated and undiagnosed participants were willing to be vaccinated (1457\/1733; 84.1%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People at risk of mpox should be supported to adopt acceptable risk reduction strategies during outbreaks and to seek vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh23047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T18:06:20Z","timestamp":1692813980000},"page":"403-410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Mpox (monkeypox) knowledge, concern, willingness to change behaviour, and seek vaccination: results of a national cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1359-9572","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James","family":"MacGibbon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ACentre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0657-9677","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vincent J.","family":"Cornelisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BKirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia."},{"name":"CNSW Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0005-9542","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anthony K. J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACentre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Broady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACentre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Hammoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BKirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin R.","family":"Bavinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BKirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dash","family":"Heath-Paynter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DHealth Equity Matters, Sydney, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EACON, Sydney, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwina J.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia."},{"name":"GBurnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia."},{"name":"HThe Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic., Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2586-8274","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACentre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6615","key":"2025102419151734100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add4507","article-title":"Heavy-tailed sexual contact networks and monkeypox epidemiology in the global outbreak.","volume":"378","author":"Endo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102419151734100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2207323","article-title":"Monkeypox virus infection in humans across 16 countries \u2014 April\u2013June 2022.","volume":"387","author":"Thornhill","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025102419151734100_R3","unstructured":"Australian Government: Department of Health and Aged Care. Mpox (monkeypox) health alert 2023. Available at https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/diseases\/monkeypox-mpox"},{"key":"2025102419151734100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102855","article-title":"The 2022 outbreak and the pathobiology of the monkeypox virus.","volume":"131","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2025102419151734100_R5","unstructured":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Science brief: detection and transmission of monkeypox virus 2022. Available at https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/about\/science-behind-transmission.html"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025102419151734100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00411-X","article-title":"Demographic and clinical characteristics of confirmed human monkeypox virus cases in individuals attending a sexual health centre in London, UK: an observational analysis.","volume":"22","author":"Girometti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102419151734100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51647","article-title":"Is Australia ready for monkeypox?","volume":"217","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025102419151734100_R8","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mpox (monkeypox). World Health Organization; 2023. Available at https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/monkeypox"},{"key":"2025102419151734100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101710","article-title":"Global monkeypox case hospitalisation rates: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"54","author":"DeWitt","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2025102419151734100_R10","unstructured":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022 Monkeypox outbreak global map. 2023. Available at https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/response\/2022\/world-map.html [accessed 6 July 2022]"},{"key":"2025102419151734100_R11","unstructured":"Mathieu E, Spooner F, Dattani S, Ritchie H, Roser M. Monkeypox. OurWorldInData.org; 2022. Available at https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/monkeypox"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025102419151734100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1273","article-title":"Multiple diagnostic techniques identify previously vaccinated individuals with protective immunity against monkeypox.","volume":"11","author":"Hammarlund","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025102419151734100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01742-y","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of monkeypox.","volume":"82","author":"Rizk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2025102419151734100_R14","unstructured":"Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation [ATAGI]. Updated ATAGI clinical guidance on vaccination against MPX (monkeypox): August 2022. ATAGI: 2022."},{"key":"2025102419151734100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2023.100712","article-title":"Accessing first doses of mpox vaccine made available in Victoria, Australia.","volume":"31","author":"Chow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"2025102419151734100_R16","first-page":"1","article-title":"How to have sex in a pandemic: the development of strategies to prevent COVID-19 transmission in sexual encounters among gay and bisexual men in Australia.","author":"Murphy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102419151734100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002462","article-title":"Physical distancing due to COVID-19 disrupts sexual behaviors among gay and bisexual men in Australia: implications for trends in HIV and other sexually transmissible infections.","volume":"85","author":"Hammoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102419151734100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03603-x","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination uptake and hesitancy in a national sample of Australian gay and bisexual men.","volume":"26","author":"Holt","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102419151734100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03611-x","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine uptake and its impacts in a cohort of gay and bisexual men in Australia.","volume":"26","author":"Prestage","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"33","key":"2025102419151734100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.33.2200603","article-title":"Monkeypox self-diagnosis abilities, determinants of vaccination and self-isolation intention after diagnosis among MSM, the Netherlands, July 2022.","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"42","key":"2025102419151734100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.42.2200757","article-title":"High monkeypox vaccine acceptance among male users of smartphone-based online gay-dating apps in Europe, 30 July to 12 August 2022.","volume":"27","author":"Reyes-Urue\u00f1a","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102419151734100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13430","article-title":"Public understanding and awareness of and response to monkeypox virus outbreak: a cross-sectional survey of the most affected communities in the United Kingdom during the 2022 public health emergency.","volume":"24","author":"Paparini","year":"2023","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"2025102419151734100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH23075","article-title":"Mpox knowledge, vaccination and intention to reduce sexual risk practices among men who have sex with men and transgender people in response to the 2022 mpox outbreak: a cross-sectional study in Victoria, Australia.","author":"Chow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sexual Health"},{"key":"2025102419151734100_R24"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102419151734100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050554","article-title":"Serological immunity to smallpox in New South Wales, Australia.","volume":"12","author":"Costantino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102419151734100_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2404.171233","article-title":"Influence of population immunosuppression and past vaccination on smallpox reemergence.","volume":"24","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025102419151734100_R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1111.041129","article-title":"Australian public and smallpox.","volume":"11","author":"Durrheim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102419151734100_R28","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. Pandemic fatigue: reinvigorating the public to prevent COVID-19: policy framework for supporting pandemic prevention and management: revised version November 2020. 2020. 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