{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T19:46:48Z","timestamp":1761508008504,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":645,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007224","name":"Connaught Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["512586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["512586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the association between lifetime sex work involvement and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviours (N\u00a0=\u00a0912) were analysed. Multiple adjusted linear regression models were estimated with lifetime sex work involvement as the independent variable and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology, measured using the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory, as the dependent variable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the sample, 3.7% of participants reported engaging in lifetime sex work. Significant associations were found between self-reported lifetime sex work and greater total muscle dysmorphia symptomatology (B\u00a0=\u00a05.03, 95% CI 1.80, 8.26), greater Drive for Size symptomatology (B\u00a0=\u00a02.36, 95% CI 0.74\u20133.97), and greater Functional Impairment symptomatology (B\u00a0=\u00a02.11, 95% CI 0.54, 3.67), while adjusting for relevant sociodemographic variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings from this study expand prior research that has documented poor mental health among individuals involved in sex work. Clinical and community health professionals should consider screening for muscle dysmorphia symptomatology among young people who have been involved in sex work.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh23157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T18:16:11Z","timestamp":1699467371000},"page":"588-592","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Involvement in sex work is associated with muscle dysmorphia symptomatology among a sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3889-3716","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyle T.","family":"Ganson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AFactor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AFactor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Testa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BDepartment of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel F.","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDepartment of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA."},{"name":"DDepartment of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jori","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AFactor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102615400082400_R1","unstructured":"Benoit C, Shumka L. Sex work in Canada; 2021. Available at https:\/\/www.uvic.ca\/research\/centres\/cisur\/assets\/docs\/understanding-sex-work\/2021-07-03-who-are-sex-workers-updated.pdf"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2019.1576226","article-title":"\u2018I dodged the stigma bullet\u2019: Canadian sex workers\u2019 situated responses to occupational stigma.","volume":"22","author":"Benoit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cult Heal Sex"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-010-9605-4","article-title":"Buying and selling sex in Qu\u00e9bec adolescents: a study of risk and protective factors.","volume":"39","author":"Lavoie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-019-00107-z","article-title":"Sex trade among youth: a global review of the prevalence, contexts and correlates of transactional sex among the general population of youth.","volume":"4","author":"Krisch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adolesc Res Rev"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2014.07.001","article-title":"Commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of children in the United States.","volume":"44","author":"Greenbaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(97)71400-2","article-title":"Muscle dysmorphia: an underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder.","volume":"38","author":"Pope","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R7"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2023.01.001","article-title":"Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology among a national sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults.","volume":"44","author":"Ganson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R9"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720005206","article-title":"Prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in adolescents: findings from the EveryBODY study.","volume":"52","author":"Mitchison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2021.1899230","article-title":"Associations between adverse childhood experiences and performance-enhancing substance use among young adults.","volume":"56","author":"Ganson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2023.06.014","article-title":"Associations between violent victimization and symptoms of muscle dysmorphia: findings from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors.","volume":"46","author":"Ganson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(99)90127-X","article-title":"Compulsive weight lifting and anabolic drug abuse among women rape victims.","volume":"40","author":"Gruber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.13395","article-title":"Relationships between violent sexual victimization and muscle-building exercise among adolescents from the 2019 youth risk behavior survey.","author":"Ganson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/swr\/svac023","article-title":"Threats to online surveys: recognizing, detecting, and preventing survey bots.","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Work Res"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2004.01.001","article-title":"Muscularity concerns among men: development of attitudinal and perceptual measures.","volume":"1","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-011-0268-8","article-title":"Selling and buying sex: a longitudinal study of risk and protective factors in adolescence.","volume":"13","author":"Kaestle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-013-0143-4","article-title":"Participation in prostitution: associated outcomes within familial relationships.","volume":"11","author":"Zeglin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Res Soc Policy"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S97404","article-title":"Muscle dysmorphia: current insights.","volume":"9","author":"Tod","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.08.001","article-title":"The enigma of male eating disorders: a critical review and synthesis.","volume":"57","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-017-0775-6","article-title":"Development and validation of the female muscularity scale.","volume":"78","author":"Rodgers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2009.09.008","article-title":"Drive for thinness and drive for muscularity: opposite ends of the continuum or separate constructs?","volume":"7","author":"Kelley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-017-0886-0","article-title":"Thin is in? Think again: the rising importance of muscularity in the thin ideal female body.","volume":"79","author":"Bozsik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000645","article-title":"Emerging trends in eating disorders among sexual and gender minorities.","volume":"33","author":"Nagata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x","article-title":"Objectification theory: toward understanding women\u2019s lived experiences and mental health risks.","volume":"21","author":"Fredrickson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Women Q"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R26"},{"key":"2025102615400082400_R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018821956","article-title":"Vulnerabilities relevant for commercial sexual exploitation of children\/domestic minor sex trafficking: a systematic review of risk factors.","volume":"22","author":"Franchino-Olsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"}],"container-title":["Sexual Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/20\/6\/588\/693280\/sh23157.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/20\/6\/588\/693280\/sh23157.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T19:40:08Z","timestamp":1761507608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article\/20\/6\/588\/86584\/Involvement-in-sex-work-is-associated-with-muscle"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Simms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/sh23157","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-5028","1449-8987"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1448-5028"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1449-8987"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]}}}