{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T18:37:29Z","timestamp":1780339049713,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":308,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1172873, GNT1172900, GNT1193955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1172873, GNT1172900, GNT1193955"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To maximise the benefits of HIV self-testing (HIVST), it is critical to support self-testers in the testing process and ensure that they access appropriate prevention and care. To summarise systems and tools supporting HIVST (hereafter, \u2018support systems\u2019) and categorise them for future analysis, we synthesised the global data on HIVST support systems and proposed a typology. We searched five databases for articles reporting on one or more HIVST support systems and included 314 publications from 224 studies. Across 189 studies, there were 539 reports of systems supporting HIVST use; while across 115 studies, there were 171 reports of systems supporting result interpretation. Most commonly, these were pictorial instructions, followed by in-person demonstrations and in-person assistance while self-testing or reading self-test results. Less commonly, virtual interventions were also identified, including online video conferencing and smartphone apps. Smartphone-based automated result readers have been used in the USA, China, and South Africa. Across 173 studies, there were 987 reports of systems supporting post-test linkage to care; most commonly, these were in-person referrals\/counselling, written referrals, and phone helplines. In the USA, Bluetooth beacons have been trialled to monitor self-test use and facilitate follow-up. We found that, globally, HIVST support systems use a range of methods, including static media, virtual tools, and in-person engagement. In-person and printed approaches were more common than virtual tools. Other considerations, such as linguistic and cultural appropriateness, may also be important in the development of effective HIVST programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh24037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]],"date-time":"2024-06-30T20:24:12Z","timestamp":1719779052000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A typology of HIV self-testing support systems: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2800-0941","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arron","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"BMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nghiep","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Tapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9712-9262","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Warittha","family":"Tieosapjaroen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"CCentral Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9081-1664","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Fairley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"CCentral Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1766-0657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric P. F.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"CCentral Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"DCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2343-084X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"CCentral Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel C.","family":"Baggaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EGlobal HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl C.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EGlobal HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad S.","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FDepartment of Communicable Diseases, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5784-7403","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason J.","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"CCentral Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"FDepartment of Communicable Diseases, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102419160211100_R1"},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R2"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025102419160211100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1097-8","article-title":"Attitudes and acceptability on HIV self-testing among key populations: a literature review.","volume":"19","author":"Figueroa","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102419160211100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30044-4","article-title":"Reliability of HIV rapid diagnostic tests for self-testing compared with testing by health-care workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"5","author":"Figueroa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R5"},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R6","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. Laws and policies analytics. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. Available at https:\/\/lawsandpolicies.unaids.org\/. [cited 21 August 2023]"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102419160211100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1707-8","article-title":"A global review of HIV self-testing: themes and implications.","volume":"22","author":"Stevens","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R8"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419160211100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-8063-8","article-title":"Is the Philippines ready for HIV self-testing?","volume":"20","author":"Gohil","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102419160211100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2019.0283","article-title":"Verification of HIV self-testing use and results: a global systematic review.","volume":"34","author":"Tahlil","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101059","article-title":"HIV self-testing with digital supports as the new paradigm: a systematic review of global evidence (2010\u20132021).","volume":"39","author":"McGuire","year":"2021","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100991","article-title":"Examining the effects of HIV self-testing compared to standard HIV testing services in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"38","author":"Jamil","year":"2021","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419160211100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework.","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R14","unstructured":"PRISMA. PRISMA for scoping reviews. Available at https:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org\/scoping [22 January 2022]"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102419160211100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03449-9","article-title":"HiSTEP: a single-arm pilot study of a technology-assisted HIV self-testing intervention in Kampala, Uganda.","volume":"26","author":"Horvath","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025102419160211100_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208191","article-title":"A pilot trial of the peer-based distribution of HIV self-test kits among fishermen in Bulisa, Uganda.","volume":"13","author":"Choko","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025102419160211100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218795","article-title":"Acceptability, feasibility, and individual preferences of blood-based HIV self-testing in a population-based sample of adolescents in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo.","volume":"14","author":"Tonen-Wolyec","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025102419160211100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2018.v108i7.12543","article-title":"Quality of counselling and support provided by the South African national AIDS helpline: content analysis of mystery client interviews.","volume":"108","author":"Arullapan","year":"2018","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419160211100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibz157","article-title":"Overcoming cultural barriers to implementing oral HIV self-testing with high fidelity among Tanzanian youth.","volume":"11","author":"Catania","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102419160211100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13396","article-title":"Implementation of community and facility-based HIV self-testing under routine conditions in southern Eswatini.","volume":"25","author":"Pasipamire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102419160211100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249701","article-title":"Self-testing for HIV, HBV, and HCV using finger-stick whole-blood multiplex immunochromatographic rapid test: a pilot feasibility study in sub-Saharan Africa.","volume":"16","author":"Tonen-Wolyec","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2025102419160211100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25253","article-title":"Ability to understand and correctly follow HIV self-test kit instructions for use: applying the cognitive interview technique in Malawi and Zambia.","volume":"22","author":"Simwinga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601711010101","article-title":"Acceptability and usability evaluation of finger-stick whole blood HIV self-test as an HIV screening tool adapted to the general public in the central African Republic.","volume":"11","author":"Gr\u00e9senguet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open AIDS J"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025102419160211100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2020.1828564","article-title":"Increases in HIV status disclosure and sexual communication between South African men who have sex with men and their partners following use of HIV self-testing kits.","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102419160211100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215353","article-title":"Feasibility and robustness of an oral HIV self-test in a rural community in South-Africa: an observational diagnostic study.","volume":"14","author":"Devill\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102419160211100_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/14145","article-title":"An internet-based HIV self-testing program to increase HIV testing uptake among men who have sex with men in Brazil: descriptive cross-sectional analysis.","volume":"21","author":"De Boni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419160211100_R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v21i1.1088","article-title":"Evaluation of a mobile application to support HIV self-testing in Johannesburg, South Africa.","volume":"21","author":"Gous","year":"2020","journal-title":"South Afr J HIV Med"},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03586-9","article-title":"HIV self-testing among previously diagnosed HIV-positive people in Khayelitsha, South Africa: no evidence of harm but may facilitate re-engagement in ART care.","volume":"26","author":"Hacking","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025102419160211100_R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0765-4","article-title":"Accuracy of un-supervised versus provider-supervised self-administered HIV testing in Uganda: a randomized implementation trial.","volume":"18","author":"Asiimwe","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102419160211100_R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001708","article-title":"Can women safely distribute HIV oral self-test kits to their sexual partners? Results from a pilot study in Kenya.","volume":"78","author":"Agot","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102419160211100_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217534","article-title":"Post-test adverse psychological effects and coping mechanisms amongst HIV self-tested individuals living in couples in urban Blantyre, Malawi.","volume":"14","author":"Kumwenda","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102419160211100_R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002211","article-title":"Acceptability and outcomes of distributing HIV self-tests for male partner testing in Kenyan maternal and child health and family planning clinics.","volume":"33","author":"Pintye","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102419160211100_R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.6377","article-title":"A test of concept study of at-home, self-administered HIV testing with web-based peer counseling via video chat for men who have sex with men.","volume":"2","author":"Maksut","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025102419160211100_R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2018.0049","article-title":"A pilot, randomized controlled trial of HIV self-testing and real-time post-test counseling\/referral on screening and preventative care among men who have sex with men.","volume":"32","author":"Wray","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419160211100_R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2248-5","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial to increase HIV testing demand among female sex workers in kenya through announcing the availability of HIV self-testing via text message.","volume":"23","author":"Kelvin","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419160211100_R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v22i1.1197","article-title":"Uptake of the Ithaka mobile application in Johannesburg, South Africa, for human immunodeficiency virus self-testing result reporting.","volume":"22","author":"Fischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"South Afr J HIV Med"},{"issue":"Supplement 7","key":"2025102419160211100_R37","article-title":"Factors influencing and associated with the decision to join in Thailand\u2019s first online supervised HIV self-testing and counselling initiative.","volume":"19","author":"Anand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"5S","key":"2025102419160211100_R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001144","article-title":"Five waves of an online HIV self-test giveaway in New York City, 2015 to 2018.","volume":"47","author":"Edelstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102419160211100_R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.32394\/pe.75.31","article-title":"Self-testing for HIV among partners of newly diagnosed HIV persons - the pilot program of Test and Keep in Care (TAK) project.","volume":"75","author":"Ankiersztejn-Bartczak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prz Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102419160211100_R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10050318","article-title":"Costs of providing HIV self-test kits to pregnant women living with HIV for secondary distribution to male partners in Uganda.","volume":"10","author":"Bulterys","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419160211100_R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12378-0","article-title":"Operationalizing the distribution of oral HIV self-testing kits to men who have sex with men (MSM) in a highly homophobic environment: the Nigerian experience.","volume":"22","author":"Sekoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025102419160211100_R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003365","article-title":"Impact of providing free HIV self-testing kits on frequency of testing among men who have sex with men and their sexual partners in China: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102419160211100_R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02741-z","article-title":"Project moxie: results of a feasibility study of a telehealth intervention to increase HIV testing among binary and nonbinary transgender youth.","volume":"24","author":"Stephenson","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025102419160211100_R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e977","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00175-3","article-title":"Partner-delivered HIV self-test kits with and without financial incentives in antenatal care and index patients with HIV in Malawi: a three-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial.","volume":"9","author":"Choko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025102419160211100_R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049248","article-title":"Feasibility and acceptability of a peer-led HIV self-testing model among female sex workers in Malawi: a qualitative study.","volume":"11","author":"Kumwenda","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"21","key":"2025102419160211100_R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111252","article-title":"Online HIV self-testing (HIVST) dissemination by an Australian community peer HIV organisation: a scalable way to increase access to testing, particularly for suboptimal testers.","volume":"18","author":"Bell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025102419160211100_R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/10258","article-title":"An unsupervised smart app-optimized HIV self-testing program in Montreal, Canada: cross-sectional study.","volume":"20","author":"Pant Pai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102419160211100_R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253745","article-title":"Youth-friendly HIV self-testing: acceptability of campus-based oral HIV self-testing among young adult students in Zimbabwe.","volume":"16","author":"Koris","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102419160211100_R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003608","article-title":"Effect of community-led delivery of HIV self-testing on HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy initiation in Malawi: a cluster-randomised trial.","volume":"18","author":"Indravudh","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419160211100_R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03322-9","article-title":"Acceptability and use of a dual HIV\/syphilis rapid test and accompanying smartphone app to facilitate self- and partner-testing among cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men.","volume":"26","author":"Balan","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025102419160211100_R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.8562","article-title":"Providing home-based HIV testing and counseling for transgender youth (Project Moxie): protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial.","volume":"6","author":"Stephenson","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025102419160211100_R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/25824","article-title":"The 4 Youth By Youth mHealth photo verification App for HIV Self-testing in Nigeria: qualitative analysis of user experiences.","volume":"5","author":"Oladele","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"issue":"S5","key":"2025102419160211100_R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25563","article-title":"\u201cIf it is left, it becomes easy for me to get tested\u201d: use of oral self-tests and community health workers to maximize the potential of home-based HIV testing among adolescents in Lesotho.","volume":"23","author":"Amstutz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03619-3","article-title":"Efficacy of a telehealth delivered couples\u2019 HIV counseling and testing (CHTC) intervention to improve formation and adherence to safer sexual agreements among male couples in the US: results from a randomized control trial.","volume":"26","author":"Stephenson","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102419160211100_R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/11854","article-title":"An internet-based self-testing model (Easy Test): cross-sectional survey targeting men who have sex with men who never tested for HIV in 14 provinces of China.","volume":"21","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102419160211100_R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.6491","article-title":"eTEST: developing a smart home HIV testing kit that enables active, real-time follow-up and referral after testing.","volume":"5","author":"Wray","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025102419160211100_R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259508","article-title":"Feasibility of oral HIV self-testing in female sex workers in Gaborone, Botswana.","volume":"16","author":"Shava","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419160211100_R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25448","article-title":"Linkages to HIV confirmatory testing and antiretroviral therapy after online, supervised, HIV self-testing among Thai men who have sex with men and transgender women.","volume":"23","author":"Phanuphak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"S3","key":"2025102419160211100_R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25301","article-title":"Community-led HIV testing services including HIV self-testing and assisted partner notification services in Vietnam: lessons from a pilot study in a concentrated epidemic setting.","volume":"22","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102419160211100_R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-021-00505-8","article-title":"At-home HIV self-testing during COVID: implementing the GetaKit project in Ottawa.","volume":"112","author":"O\u2019Byrne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025102419160211100_R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002664","article-title":"Using HIV self-testing to increase the affordability of community-based HIV testing services.","volume":"34","author":"d\u2019Elbee","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102419160211100_R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e276","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30534-0","article-title":"Effect of facility-based HIV self-testing on uptake of testing among outpatients in Malawi: a cluster-randomised trial.","volume":"8","author":"Dovel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102419160211100_R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30258-3","article-title":"Community based distribution of oral HIV self-testing kits in Zambia: a cluster-randomised trial nested in four HPTN 071 (PopART) intervention communities.","volume":"6","author":"Mulubwa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102419160211100_R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2019.1622636","article-title":"Longitudinal effects of home-based HIV self-testing on well-being and health empowerment among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States.","volume":"32","author":"Wray","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R65"},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R66","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. Women and girls carry the heaviest HIV burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS; 2022. Available at https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/presscentre\/featurestories\/2022\/march\/20220307_women-girls-carry-heaviest-hiv-burden-sub-saharan-africa"},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R67","unstructured":"OraSure Technologies. OraQuick HIV self-test. Available at https:\/\/www.orasure.com\/products-infectious\/OraQuick-Self-Test.html."},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.653612","article-title":"Costs and scale-up costs of integrating HIV self-testing into civil society organisation-led programmes for key populations in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Senegal, and Mali.","volume":"9","author":"d\u2019Elbee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102419160211100_R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236141","article-title":"Feasibility and acceptability of a pilot, peer-led HIV self-testing intervention in a hyperendemic fishing community in rural Uganda.","volume":"15","author":"Matovu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419160211100_R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189475","article-title":"Evaluation of the practicability and virological performance of finger-stick whole-blood HIV self-testing in French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa.","volume":"13","author":"Tonen-Wolyec","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102419160211100_R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003928","article-title":"Monetary incentives and peer referral in promoting secondary distribution of HIV self-testing among men who have sex with men in China: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102419160211100_R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05097-y","article-title":"User experience of home-based AbC-19 SARS-CoV-2 antibody rapid lateral flow immunoassay test.","volume":"12","author":"Jing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102419160211100_R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2021.33.3.234","article-title":"Attitudes and perceptions about disclosing HIV and syphilis results using Smarttest, a smartphone app dedicated to self- and partner testing.","volume":"33","author":"Kutner","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.1838","article-title":"Comparing physician and artificial intelligence chatbot responses to patient questions posted to a public social media forum.","volume":"183","author":"Ayers","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Int Med"},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R75"},{"key":"2025102419160211100_R76","unstructured":"Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Goal 3| Department of Economic and Social Affairs. New York: United Nations; 2023. Available at https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/goals\/goal3. [cited 31 July 2023]"}],"container-title":["Sexual Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1071\/SH24037\/150332\/sh24037.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1071\/SH24037\/150332\/sh24037.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T23:16:11Z","timestamp":1761347771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article\/21\/4\/SH24037\/21694\/A-typology-of-HIV-self-testing-support-systems-a"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/sh24037","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-5028","1449-8987"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1448-5028","type":"print"},{"value":"1449-8987","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"article-number":"SH24037"}}