{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T03:36:47Z","timestamp":1772941007301,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":204,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title\/>\n                  <jats:p>Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is quickly becoming an ethical standard for research, ensuring that the research processes align with the values of beneficiaries and contributes to broader social justice goals. This paper reflects on a qualitative study on HIV\/STI risks in the sex work industry in Singapore that aimed to adopt a CBPR approach. The project was conducted in partnership with a local sex workers\u2019 rights group, Project X, and recruited community members to be part of the research team. The data collection phase of the project lasted for approximately 6\u00a0months, involving five focus group discussions (n = 24) and 55 semi-structured interviews, the latter conducted primarily by three community interviewers. Based on an analysis of our fieldnotes and interviews with community interviewers, we found five key themes \u2013 capacity building, cultural knowledge, limited flexibility in project design, intra-community dynamics and differences in research interests. These themes reflected the project\u2019s assumptions, adaptations made, limitations and areas of tension. Despite our best efforts to align with CBPR, there were ultimately some pitfalls. This paper reflects on the lessons learned and assumptions uncovered, and advances current understandings of CBPR, particularly in settings where sex work is diverse, hierarchical and remains highly stigmatized or criminalized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh24201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T19:57:31Z","timestamp":1745783851000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Blind spots in community-based participatory research with sex workers in Singapore: lessons learned and assumptions uncovered in the context of a diverse, hierarchical and stigmatized key population"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sook Lin","family":"Toh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AProject X, Singapore, Singapore."},{"name":"BUniversity of Southern California, Department of Anthropology, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"name":"CNational Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AProject X, Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raksha","family":"Mahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AProject X, Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shermaine","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AProject X, Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nur","family":"Binte Sarah Pancadarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AProject X, Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AProject X, Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen Seong","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNational Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brooke S.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DColumbia University, New York, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9188-3368","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rayner Kay Jin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESaw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore."},{"name":"FSingapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei Hua","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNational Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"99","key":"2025111812251620800_R1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Community-based participatory research: assessing the evidence.","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ)"},{"key":"2025111812251620800_R2"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111812251620800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-020-00191-z","article-title":"Addressing power dynamics in community-engaged research partnerships.","volume":"4","author":"Andress","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Patient Rep Outcomes"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025111812251620800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/09518398.2017.1422290","article-title":"Multiple methodologies: using community-based participatory research and decolonizing methodologies in Kenya.","volume":"31","author":"Elder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Qual Stud Educ"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025111812251620800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-018-9998-8","article-title":"Doing equitable work in inequitable conditions: an introduction to a special issue on transformative research methods in gender-based violence.","volume":"33","author":"Nnawulezi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Fam Viol"},{"key":"2025111812251620800_R6","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 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Community engagement key function committee task force on the principles of community engagement. 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