{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T01:00:49Z","timestamp":1780275649667,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Youth participation is critical to improving HIV prevention outcomes, yet evidence on the quality of adolescent and young adult (AYA) participation in HIV self-testing programs in low- and middle-income countries remains limited. This study assessed levels and correlates of AYA participation in HIV self-testing interventions implemented in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Innovative Tools to Expand Youth-friendly HIV Self-Testing study, which recruited AYA aged 14\u201324\u00a0years from four Nigerian sites (September 2019\u2013March 2020). Participation was measured using an adapted 12-item Tiffany\u2013Eckenrode Program Participation Scale across four domains: ownership, voice\/influence, support and community participation. Scores ranged from 0 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree) and were categorized as minimal (&amp;lt;3.5), moderate (3.5\u20134.0) or substantial (&amp;gt;4.0). Chi-squared tests examined associations between participation levels and sociodemographic variables, with Cram\u00e9r\u2019s V summarizing effect sizes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 388 AYA (mean age 21\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02\u00a0years; 58% male), overall participation was high (M\u00a0=\u00a04.04\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.24). Domain-specific analyses showed substantial participation in support (M\u00a0=\u00a04.08\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.23), community participation (M\u00a0=\u00a04.04\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.24) and ownership (M\u00a0=\u00a03.94\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.27), whereas voice\/influence was moderate (M\u00a0=\u00a03.87\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.32). Education (\u03c72\u00a0=\u00a043.23, P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001; V\u00a0=\u00a00.33), employment (\u03c72\u00a0=\u00a0122.70, P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001; V\u00a0=\u00a00.56) and income (\u03c72\u00a0=\u00a0119.68, P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001; V\u00a0=\u00a00.55) were significantly associated with participation, whereas age, sex and marital status were not.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight generally high AYA participation in HIV self-testing interventions, but underscore socioeconomic disparities that may shape participation quality. Programs should prioritize equitable engagement strategies for youth with fewer resources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh25101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:12:18Z","timestamp":1780272738000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adolescent and young adult participation in HIV self-testing: secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1411-8589","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susan","family":"Nkengasong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AClinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Fidelak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BInstitute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, 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Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Titilola","family":"Gbaja-biamila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CClinical Sciences Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria."},{"name":"DDivision of infectious diseases, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6115-5407","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Akeem Blessing","family":"Lateef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CClinical Sciences Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adesola Zaidat","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CClinical Sciences Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Folahanmi Tomiwa","family":"Akinsolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CClinical Sciences Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9961-1300","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tomilola","family":"Musari-Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CClinical Sciences Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Okwuzu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CClinical Sciences Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Adedoyin Koledowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EDepartment of Public Health, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7546-8749","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temitope","family":"Ojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DDivision of infectious diseases, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olufunto","family":"Olusanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DDivision of infectious diseases, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donaldson","family":"Conserve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GDepartment of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8229-0408","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oluwaseun Adebayo","family":"Bamodu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GDepartment of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HDepartment of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 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Top 25 African countries with the highest population: exploring growth rates, age distribution, and fertility trends; 2024. Available at https:\/\/empowerafrica.com\/top-25-african-countries-with-the-highest-population-exploring-growth-rates-age-distribution-and-fertility-trends\/"},{"key":"2026053120121049800_R3","unstructured":"Statista. Nigeria: population 1950\u20132024; 2025. Available at https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1122838\/population-of-nigeria\/"},{"key":"2026053120121049800_R4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Adolescent health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. Available at https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/adolescent-health"},{"key":"2026053120121049800_R5","unstructured":"World Health Organization(WHO). HIV testing services HIV self-testing and partner; 2016. 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