{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T03:56:31Z","timestamp":1764042991554,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title\/>\n                  <jats:p>This narrative review aimed to synthesize current cancer screening recommendations for transgender individuals, critically assess their content, identify inconsistencies, and highlight key evidence gaps to inform future clinical practice and policy. We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL and Web of Science through 9 May 2025 for screening guidelines relevant to transgender individuals. We included documents from national or international bodies, academic institutions or recognized expert panels. Guidelines focused on breast, cervical, prostate, endometrial, ovarian and anal cancer. Data were extracted into a structured matrix by cancer type, screening approach and relevance to transgender populations. Of 79 sources screened, 14 met inclusion criteria. Most were transgender-specific. Recommendations varied substantially across cancer types. Breast cancer screening showed the widest divergence, with differing thresholds based on age, gender-affirming hormone therapy duration and risk stratification. For prostate, endometrial, ovarian and anal cancers, dedicated guidance was sparse or absent, often relying on extrapolation from cisgender populations. Key gaps included inconsistent terminology, lack of integration of gender-affirming hormone therapy and surgical history, and limited rationale for screening intervals and age cutoffs. Future efforts should prioritize inclusive data collection, integration of gender identity into cancer surveillance systems and development of evidence-informed, population-specific screening protocols to advance equitable care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh25124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T02:52:52Z","timestamp":1764039172000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cancer screening guidelines for transgender individuals: a narrative review of current recommendations and practice gaps"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7325-8569","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Aranda-Gutierrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartamento de Hemato-Oncolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilana","family":"de la Puente Tawil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartamento de Hemato-Oncolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Moreno Mir\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BEscuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Crabtree-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDepartamento de Infectolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria F.","family":"Gonzalez-Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDepartamento de Infectolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Manjarrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DDepartamento de Radiolog\u00eda e Imagen, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Armengol-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECentro Nacional de Equidad de G\u00e9nero y Salud Reproductiva, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Barragan-Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FInstituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Cuenca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GCl\u00ednica de Neuroendocrinolog\u00eda, Departamento de Endocrinolog\u00eda y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanin","family":"Chavarri-Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartamento de Hemato-Oncolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10042","key":"2025112421524753100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00684-X","article-title":"Global health burden and needs of transgender populations: a review.","volume":"388","author":"Reisner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025112421524753100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2023-000499","article-title":"Transgender identity in young people and adults recorded in UK primary care electronic patient records: retrospective, dynamic, cohort study.","volume":"2","author":"McKechnie","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025112421524753100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22168","article-title":"Troubling blind spots in understanding cancer risks among transgender patients.","volume":"127","author":"Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025112421524753100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32784","article-title":"Transgender individuals\u2019 cancer survivorship: results of a cross-sectional study.","volume":"126","author":"Boehmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025112421524753100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2019.02.005","article-title":"Cancer risk in transgender people.","volume":"48","author":"De Blok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4\u20136","key":"2025112421524753100_R6","first-page":"23","article-title":"Gender-affirming care for transgender patients.","volume":"19","author":"Bhatt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innov Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025112421524753100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-018-0737-3","article-title":"Cancer in sexual and gender minority patients: are we addressing their needs?","volume":"20","author":"Cathcart-Rake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"issue":"11S","key":"2025112421524753100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2021.09.005","article-title":"ACR Appropriateness Criteria\u00ae transgender breast cancer screening.","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"2025112421524753100_R9"},{"key":"2025112421524753100_R10"},{"key":"2025112421524753100_R11"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025112421524753100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004294","article-title":"Health care for transgender and gender diverse individuals: ACOG committee opinion, number 823.","volume":"137","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2025112421524753100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1080\/26895269.2022.2100644","article-title":"Standards of care for the health of transgender and gender diverse people, version 8.","volume":"23","author":"Coleman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Transgend Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025112421524753100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01658","article-title":"Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric\/gender-incongruent persons: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.","volume":"102","author":"Hembree","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025112421524753100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44276-023-00002-0","article-title":"UK recommendations for the management of transgender and gender-diverse patients with inherited cancer risks.","volume":"1","author":"Giblin","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJC Rep"},{"key":"2025112421524753100_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102277","article-title":"Position paper of the Italian Association of Medical Oncology on health disparities among transgender and gender-diverse people: the Assisi recommendations.","volume":"65","author":"Leone","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2025112421524753100_R17","unstructured":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement \u2013 breast cancer: screening. Rockville (MD): USPSTF; 2024. Available from https:\/\/www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/uspstf\/recommendation\/breast-cancer-screening [last accessed 9 May 2025]"},{"key":"2025112421524753100_R18","unstructured":"The Fenway Institute. Trans men cervical cancer screening. Boston (MA): Fenway Health; 2025. Available from https:\/\/fenwayhealth.org [last accessed 10 May 2025]"},{"key":"2025112421524753100_R19","unstructured":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement \u2013 cervical cancer: screening. Rockville (MD): USPSTF; 2021. Available from https:\/\/www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/uspstf\/recommendation\/cervical-cancer-screening [last accessed 9 May 2025]"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025112421524753100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34850","article-title":"International Anal Neoplasia Society\u2019s consensus guidelines for anal cancer screening.","volume":"154","author":"Stier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2025112421524753100_R21","unstructured":"Clinical Guidelines Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, on behalf of the New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute. Screening for anal dysplasia and cancer in adults with HIV. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.hivguidelines.org\/guideline\/hiv-anal-cancer\/?mycollection=hpv-care [last accessed 8 May 2025]"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025112421524753100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.2185","article-title":"BRCA1, BRCA2, and associated cancer risks and management for male patients. A review.","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025112421524753100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-4522","article-title":"Nipple-areola complex reconstruction in transgender patients undergoing mastectomy with free nipple grafts: a systematic review of techniques and outcomes.","volume":"9","author":"Bustos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"2025112421524753100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2020.06.008","article-title":"Breast malignancy in female-to-male transsexuals: systematic review, case report, and recommendations for screening.","volume":"53","author":"Fledderus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025112421524753100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.7173","article-title":"Cancer in transgender and gender-diverse persons: a review.","volume":"9","author":"Leone","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025112421524753100_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16503","article-title":"Cervical cancer prevention in transgender men: a review.","volume":"128","author":"Weyers","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025112421524753100_R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/cyt.12525","article-title":"Characteristic findings of cervical Papanicolaou tests from transgender patients on androgen therapy: challenges in detecting dysplasia.","volume":"29","author":"Adkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025112421524753100_R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e886","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00218-4","article-title":"Human papillomavirus-based cervical screening and long-term cervical cancer risk: a randomised health-care policy trial in Sweden.","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025112421524753100_R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2020.0174","article-title":"Human papillomavirus vaccination among transgender and gender diverse people in the United States: an integrative review.","volume":"7","author":"Pho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transgend Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025112421524753100_R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001051","article-title":"Transgender women have higher human papillomavirus prevalence than men who have sex with men\u2014two U.S. cities, 2012\u20132014.","volume":"46","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025112421524753100_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.09.007","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen screening in transgender patients.","volume":"83","author":"Nik-Ahd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"21","key":"2025112421524753100_R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.6028","article-title":"Prostate cancer in transgender women in the Veterans Affairs Health System, 2000-2022.","volume":"329","author":"Nik-Ahd","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025112421524753100_R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.4335","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with prostate cancer among transgender women.","volume":"10","author":"Manfredi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"2025112421524753100_R34","unstructured":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement \u2013 prostate cancer: screening. 2018. Available from https:\/\/www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/uspstf\/recommendation\/prostate-cancer-screening [last accessed 9 May 2025]"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025112421524753100_R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01380.x","article-title":"Effect of long-term testosterone administration on the endometrium of female-to-male (FtM) transsexuals.","volume":"6","author":"Perrone","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025112421524753100_R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2022.06.012","article-title":"Endometrial thickness assessed by transvaginal ultrasound in transmasculine people taking testosterone compared with cisgender women.","volume":"45","author":"Asseler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"2025112421524753100_R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-9-460","article-title":"The presence of postmenopausal bleeding as prognostic parameter in patients with endometrial cancer: a retrospective multi-center study.","volume":"9","author":"Seebacher","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025112421524753100_R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10397-016-0931-y","article-title":"Is an endometrial thickness of \u22654 mm on transvaginal ultrasound scan an appropriate threshold for investigation of postmenopausal bleeding?","volume":"13","author":"Russell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gynecol Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025112421524753100_R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-01129-4","article-title":"A serous borderline ovarian tumour in a transgender male adolescent.","volume":"124","author":"Millington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025112421524753100_R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0655","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome, oligomenorrhea, and risk of ovarian cancer histotypes: evidence from the ovarian cancer association consortium.","volume":"27","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025112421524753100_R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000558890.35653.13","article-title":"Contraception knowledge in transgender individuals: are we doing enough?","volume":"133","author":"Abern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025112421524753100_R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/26895269.2020.1841058","article-title":"Pregnancy intentions and outcomes among transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive people assigned female or intersex at birth in the United States: results from a national, quantitative survey.","volume":"22","author":"Moseson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Transgend Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025112421524753100_R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-023-01334-0","article-title":"Filling a gap in care: addressing obesity in transgender and gender diverse patients.","volume":"47","author":"Taormina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"732","key":"2025112421524753100_R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e486","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGP.2023.0023","article-title":"Prevalence of cancer risk factors among transgender and gender diverse individuals: a cross-sectional analysis using UK primary care data.","volume":"73","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025112421524753100_R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-03149-w","article-title":"Low perceived anal cancer risk and screening utilization among high-risk transgender men and women living in an HIV\/STI epicenter.","volume":"25","author":"Fein","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025112421524753100_R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00349-1","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of screening for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions and anal cancer in human immunodeficiency virus-negative homosexual and bisexual men.","volume":"108","author":"Goldie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med"}],"container-title":["Sexual Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1071\/SH25124\/1826465\/sh25124.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1071\/SH25124\/1826465\/sh25124.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T02:52:55Z","timestamp":1764039175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article\/22\/6\/SH25124\/265941\/Cancer-screening-guidelines-for-transgender"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Somesh","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/sh25124","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-5028","1449-8987"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1448-5028","type":"print"},{"value":"1449-8987","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"article-number":"SH25124"}}