{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:45:00Z","timestamp":1790005500412,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) is one of the World Health Organization\u2019s high-priority bacterial pathogens due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. The culture of NG remains important for providing antimicrobial resistance surveillance data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the NG culture yield following a positive NG nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) within 30\u00a0days, stratified by culture specimen collection sites, the time interval between NAAT and culture, and gender.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective data analysis of positive NG NAAT specimens of individuals attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre between April 2015 and March 2023. We calculated the NG culture yield within 30\u00a0days and stratified by culture specimen collection sites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The NG culture yield was lowest in the pharynx (37.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 36.6\u201339.2, 1964\/5185) followed by the vagina (41.6%, 95% CI 37.0\u201346.3, 186\/447), cervix (60.1%, 95% CI 52.2\u201367.7, 98\/163), rectum (68.0%, 95% CI 66.6\u201369.3, 3223\/4742) and urethra (97.0%, 95% CI 96.4\u201397.6, 3282\/3382). The overall NG culture yield was 77.8% (95% CI 76.8\u201378.8, 5254\/6754) when the culture was performed on the same date as the NAAT test, and it decreased significantly to 53.6% (95% CI 51.5\u201355.7, 1193\/2224) 1\u20133\u00a0days after the NAAT-positive specimens were collected, then to 37.1% (95% CI 30.7\u201343.7, 83\/224) 15\u201330\u00a0days after the NAAT-positive specimens were collected (Ptrend\u00a0&amp;lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The culture specimen collection sites and time to culture collection influenced the culture yield. NG culture should be performed as close as possible to NAAT testing to improve NG culture yield. In addition, combining molecular resistance testing with culture-based techniques may be necessary to ensure adequate antimicrobial resistance detection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh25242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T01:26:37Z","timestamp":1770600397000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Culture yield of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: culture yield varies by anatomical site and time to culture collection"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1041-9588","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jun","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Bayside Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"BDepartment of General Practice and Primary Care, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"CCentre for Digital Transformation of Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus Y.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Bayside Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"DSchool of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norelle L.","family":"Sherry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMicrobiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"FDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"De Petra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMicrobiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Fairley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Bayside Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"DSchool of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1766-0657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric P. F.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Bayside Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"DSchool of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"GCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031621231792400_R1"},{"key":"2026031621231792400_R2","unstructured":"WHO. Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (EGASP): surveillance report 2023. 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Gonorrhoea: Australian STI management guidelines for use in primary care. Available at https:\/\/sti.guidelines.org.au\/sexually-transmissible-infections\/gonorrhoea\/ [accessed May 2025]"},{"key":"2026031621231792400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12053-4","article-title":"Bridging of Neisseria gonorrhoeae lineages across sexual networks in the HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis era.","volume":"10","author":"Williamson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031621231792400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020091","article-title":"The laboratory diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: current testing and future demands.","volume":"9","author":"Meyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026031621231792400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052950","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae DNA bacterial load in men with symptomatic and asymptomatic gonococcal 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