{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:07:17Z","timestamp":1792613237807,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Gay and bisexual men who have sex with men (GBMSM) and trans and gender diverse people (TGD) are disproportionately affected by several vaccine-preventable diseases. However, research on vaccine uptake for both sexually transmitted and non-sexually transmitted infections among GBMSM and TGD remains limited. Understanding differences in uptake between selective (e.g. hepatitis A;\u00a0meningococcal; human papillomavirus;\u00a0HPV;\u00a0mpox) and universal (e.g. influenza, COVID-19) is important for informing future immunisation policy and strategies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We surveyed past vaccine uptake among GBMSM and TGD people living in Australia in July\u2013November 2024. Participants were asked to self-report their vaccination status for the following six vaccines: COVID-19, influenza, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, HPV, meningococcal disease,\u00a0and mpox. Vaccine uptake was calculated for each vaccine and stratified by age group, HIV status and PrEP use, gender, education, Medicare status, world region of birth,\u00a0and jurisdiction of residence.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The median age of the 2095 participants was 39\u00a0years (IQR: 31\u201350). The majority of the participants identified as cisgender men (94.7%). Overall, the COVID-19 vaccine had the highest uptake (97.5%), followed by hepatitis A\/B (80.6%), influenza (72.8%), mpox (64.0%), HPV (35.9%),\u00a0and meningococcal disease (30.3%). HIV-negative participants not using pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)\u00a0had lower vaccine uptake compared with HIV-negative PrEP users and people living with HIV. Higher education and having a Medicare card were associated with an overall increased vaccine uptake.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Factors that increase vaccine uptake included being PLHIV and using PrEP, increased education,\u00a0and having a Medicare card. Public health policies should consider targeted outreach, integration of vaccination into routine care and innovative health communication strategies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh25250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:47:05Z","timestamp":1780274825000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Self-reported vaccine uptake across six infectious diseases among gay, bisexual, transgender, and non-binary individuals in Australia: findings from a 2024 national survey"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2699-0660","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Bayside Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: cwan0129@student.monash.edu, kongf@unimelb.edu.au, eaung@mshc.org.au, kmaddaford@mshc.org.au, christopher.fairley@monash.edu, catriona.bradshaw@monash.edu"},{"name":"BSchool of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: vincent.cornelisse@health.nsw.gov.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9349-3080","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fabian Y. S.","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Bayside Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: cwan0129@student.monash.edu, kongf@unimelb.edu.au, eaung@mshc.org.au, kmaddaford@mshc.org.au, christopher.fairley@monash.edu, catriona.bradshaw@monash.edu"},{"name":"CCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: teralynn.ludwick@unimelb.edu.au, t.cardwell@unimelb.edu.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ei T.","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Bayside Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: cwan0129@student.monash.edu, kongf@unimelb.edu.au, eaung@mshc.org.au, kmaddaford@mshc.org.au, christopher.fairley@monash.edu, catriona.bradshaw@monash.edu"},{"name":"BSchool of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: vincent.cornelisse@health.nsw.gov.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Maddaford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Bayside Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: cwan0129@student.monash.edu, kongf@unimelb.edu.au, eaung@mshc.org.au, kmaddaford@mshc.org.au, christopher.fairley@monash.edu, catriona.bradshaw@monash.edu"},{"name":"BSchool of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: vincent.cornelisse@health.nsw.gov.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9325-1647","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DCanberra Sexual Health Centre, Canberra Health Services, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Email: Sarah.Martin@act.gov.au"},{"name":"ESchool of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Khaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FAdelaide Sexual Health Centre, Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Email: Carole.Khaw@sa.gov.au"},{"name":"GSchool of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0402-0506","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rick","family":"Varma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HSydney Sexual Health Centre, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Email: rick.varma@health.nsw.gov.au"},{"name":"IThe Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Email: Manoji.Gunathilake@nt.gov.au, Dash.Heath-Paynter@healthequitymatters.org.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1457-1539","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caroline","family":"Thng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JGold Coast Sexual Health, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Qld, Australia. Email: Caroline.Thng@health.qld.gov.au"},{"name":"KInstitute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoji","family":"Gunathilake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IThe Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Email: Manoji.Gunathilake@nt.gov.au, Dash.Heath-Paynter@healthequitymatters.org.au"},{"name":"LSexual Health and Blood Borne Virus Unit, Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory Department of Health, Darwin, NT, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0657-9677","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vincent J.","family":"Cornelisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BSchool of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: vincent.cornelisse@health.nsw.gov.au"},{"name":"IThe Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Email: Manoji.Gunathilake@nt.gov.au, Dash.Heath-Paynter@healthequitymatters.org.au"},{"name":"MNorth Coast HIV and Sexual Health Services, Mid North Coast & Northern NSW Local Health Districts, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9081-1664","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Fairley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Bayside Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: cwan0129@student.monash.edu, kongf@unimelb.edu.au, eaung@mshc.org.au, kmaddaford@mshc.org.au, christopher.fairley@monash.edu, catriona.bradshaw@monash.edu"},{"name":"BSchool of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: vincent.cornelisse@health.nsw.gov.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dash","family":"Heath-Paynter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IThe Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Email: Manoji.Gunathilake@nt.gov.au, Dash.Heath-Paynter@healthequitymatters.org.au"},{"name":"NHealth Equity Matters, Sydney, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fergus","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OM Clinic, Perth, WA, Australia. Email: fergusmccabe@outlook.com"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catriona","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PSexual Health Service, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Email: Catriona.Ooi@health.nsw.gov.au"},{"name":"QNorthern Clinical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4160-7354","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Teralynn","family":"Ludwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: teralynn.ludwick@unimelb.edu.au, t.cardwell@unimelb.edu.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan T.","family":"Cardwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: teralynn.ludwick@unimelb.edu.au, t.cardwell@unimelb.edu.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3452-350X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael W.","family":"Traeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RBurnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: michael.traeger@burnet.edu.au"},{"name":"SSchool of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catriona S.","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Bayside Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: cwan0129@student.monash.edu, kongf@unimelb.edu.au, eaung@mshc.org.au, kmaddaford@mshc.org.au, christopher.fairley@monash.edu, catriona.bradshaw@monash.edu"},{"name":"BSchool of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: vincent.cornelisse@health.nsw.gov.au"},{"name":"CCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: teralynn.ludwick@unimelb.edu.au, t.cardwell@unimelb.edu.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5880-5731","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Phyu Mon","family":"Latt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Bayside Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: cwan0129@student.monash.edu, kongf@unimelb.edu.au, eaung@mshc.org.au, kmaddaford@mshc.org.au, christopher.fairley@monash.edu, catriona.bradshaw@monash.edu"},{"name":"BSchool of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: vincent.cornelisse@health.nsw.gov.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1766-0657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric P. F.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMelbourne Sexual Health Centre, Bayside Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: cwan0129@student.monash.edu, kongf@unimelb.edu.au, eaung@mshc.org.au, kmaddaford@mshc.org.au, christopher.fairley@monash.edu, catriona.bradshaw@monash.edu"},{"name":"BSchool of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: vincent.cornelisse@health.nsw.gov.au"},{"name":"CCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Email: teralynn.ludwick@unimelb.edu.au, t.cardwell@unimelb.edu.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2026053120465962900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1708669","article-title":"Why vaccines matter: understanding the broader health, economic, and child development benefits of routine vaccination.","volume":"16","author":"Nandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"33","key":"2026053120465962900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.33.1700641","article-title":"Hepatitis A outbreak disproportionately affecting men who have sex with men (MSM) in the European Union and European Economic Area, June 2016 to May 2017.","volume":"23","author":"Ndumbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"27","key":"2026053120465962900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.27.2200471","article-title":"Monkeypox outbreak predominantly affecting men who have sex with men, Madrid, Spain, 26 April to 16 June 2022.","volume":"27","author":"I\u00f1igo Mart\u00ednez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2026053120465962900_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1080\/19317611.2025.2536252","article-title":"\u201cIt\u2019s a Big Ordeal\u201d: a mixed methods study of the experiences of non-HIV STI testing among trans and gender diverse people.","volume":"37","author":"Lacombe-Duncan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Sex Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026053120465962900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054318","article-title":"Meningococcal vaccine uptake among men who have sex with men in response to an invasive meningococcal C disease outbreak in Melbourne, Australia.","volume":"96","author":"Mart\u00edn-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026053120465962900_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054132","article-title":"Hepatitis A vaccine uptake among men who have sex with men from a time-limited vaccination programme in Melbourne in 2018.","volume":"96","author":"Burrell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026053120465962900_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1071\/SH23075","article-title":"Mpox knowledge, vaccination and intention to reduce sexual risk practices among men who have sex with men and transgender people in response to the 2022 mpox outbreak: a cross-sectional study in Victoria, Australia.","volume":"20","author":"Chow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"2026053120465962900_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2023.100712","article-title":"Accessing first doses of mpox vaccine made available in Victoria, Australia.","volume":"31","author":"Chow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"2026053120465962900_R9","unstructured":"Australian Immunisation Handbook. Vaccination for other groups (inmates, men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, and sex workers) \u2013 [Men who have sex with men]. Australian Government - Department of Health and Age Care; 2024. Available at https:\/\/immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au\/contents\/vaccination-for-special-risk-groups\/vaccination-for-other-groups-inmates-men-who-have-sex-with-men-people-who-inject-drugs-and-sex-workers#men-who-have-sex-with-men"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026053120465962900_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053619","article-title":"Human papillomavirus vaccine uptake among young gay and bisexual men who have sex with men with a time-limited targeted vaccination programme through sexual health clinics in Melbourne in 2017.","volume":"95","author":"McGrath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026053120465962900_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.2016007","article-title":"Review of human papillomavirus (HPV) burden and HPV vaccination for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men and transgender women in the United States.","volume":"18","author":"Meites","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026053120465962900_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18030963","article-title":"Impact of a gender-neutral HPV vaccination program in men who have sex with men (MSM).","volume":"18","author":"Diez-Domingo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"27","key":"2026053120465962900_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.05.013","article-title":"Vaccine acceptability, uptake and completion amongst men who have sex with men: a systematic review, meta-analysis and theoretical framework.","volume":"39","author":"Nadarzynski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026053120465962900_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217713","article-title":"Examining facilitators of HPV vaccination uptake in men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional survey design.","volume":"17","author":"Stearns","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026053120465962900_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2022.0255","article-title":"High vaccine confidence is associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men who use substances.","volume":"10","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026053120465962900_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2025.2490440","article-title":"A systematic review and thematic synthesis exploring how gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) experience HPV and HPV vaccination.","volume":"21","author":"Pow","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026053120465962900_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.70180","article-title":"Awareness, usage and perceptions of doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis (doxyPEP) for prevention of sexually transmitted infections in Australia: insights from a national cross-sectional survey.","volume":"224","author":"Latt","year":"2026","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2026053120465962900_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/47091","article-title":"Assessing and improving data integrity in web-based surveys: comparison of fraud detection systems in a COVID-19 study.","volume":"8","author":"Bonett","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026053120465962900_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1071\/MA24055","article-title":"The evolving role of Australian community pharmacists in vaccination: challenges and opportunities.","volume":"45","author":"Hart","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Aust"},{"key":"2026053120465962900_R20","unstructured":"North Brighton Medical. 2025 flu vaccines: North Brighton medical \u2013 General Practice Services; 2025. 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