{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T23:46:57Z","timestamp":1782172017048,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Orgasm can be an important component of sexual wellbeing broadly and specifically in the preconception period, yet epidemiologic research on orgasm is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used cross-sectional data from Pregnancy Study Online (PRESTO), a cohort study of females attempting conception with one male partner (N\u00a0=\u00a06022; 2020\u20132025), to descriptively evaluate orgasm frequency, its correlates and its relationship to orgasm intensity. We used self-reported data to assess orgasm frequency (Likert scale: never\/rarely to always\/almost always) and intensity (0\u201310). Across correlates (e.g. encompassing sociodemographic, medical, behavioral factors), we calculated the absolute difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) in the percentage of participants reporting the highest versus lowest orgasm frequency within levels of each correlate, standardized relative to the difference in the full sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over half of the sample reported orgasming \u2018always\u2019, \u2018almost always\u2019 or \u2018most times\u2019 during sexual activity. Partner support was a strong correlate; participants whose partner \u2018rarely\u2019 provided love\/affection and emotional support reported less frequent orgasms (standardized percentage-point differences of \u221211.0, 95% CI \u221236.7, 14.7 and \u221227.5, 95% CI \u221244.4, \u221210.6, respectively). Irritable bladder syndrome (standardized percentage point difference \u221215.4, 95% CI \u221225.5, \u22125.3), diabetes (standardized percentage point difference \u22125.8, 95% CI \u221218.2, 6.7) and depressive symptoms (highest category standardized percentage point difference \u221211.6, 95% CI \u221219.3, \u22124.0) were strong correlates of less frequent orgasms. Participants with lower function on other domains of sexual function reported fewer orgasms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Important correlates of preconception orgasm frequency spanned relational, clinical and sexual function factors. We discuss implications for conducting etiologic orgasm research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/sh26013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T22:57:32Z","timestamp":1782169052000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Female orgasm frequency, correlates and measurement in the preconception period"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2988-7755","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julia C.","family":"Bond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ABoston University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA."},{"name":"BBoston University School of Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Schildroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ABoston University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Kezios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ABoston University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ABoston University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline F.","family":"Pukall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDepartment of Psychology, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren A.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ABoston University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026062218572908400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/10532528.2004.10559820","article-title":"Women\u2019s orgasm.","volume":"15","author":"Meston","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sex Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026062218572908400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-007-9175-2","article-title":"Why humans have sex.","volume":"36","author":"Meston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2026062218572908400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.07.012","article-title":"A cross-national examination of sexual desire: the roles of \u2018gendered cultural scripts\u2019 and \u2018sexual pleasure\u2019 in predicting heterosexual women\u2019s desire for sex.","volume":"151","author":"Rubin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pers Individ Differ"},{"key":"2026062218572908400_R4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Defining sexual health; 2025. Available at https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-research\/key-areas-of-work\/sexual-health\/defining-sexual-health [accessed 22 October 2025]"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026062218572908400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1007\/s12119-020-09811-8","article-title":"The big \u201cO\u201d: sociocultural influences on orgasm frequency and sexual satisfaction in women.","volume":"25","author":"Lentz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Cult"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026062218572908400_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11930-023-00371-0","article-title":"Women\u2019s orgasm and its relationship with sexual satisfaction and well-being.","volume":"15","author":"Dienberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Sex Health Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026062218572908400_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2011.00408.x","article-title":"Is good sex good for you? Rethinking sexuality and health.","volume":"6","author":"Diamond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Pers Psychol Compass"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026062218572908400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/19317611.2021.1966564","article-title":"The health benefits of sexual expression.","volume":"33","author":"Gianotten","year":"2021","journal-title":"International J Sex Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026062218572908400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199905000-00005","article-title":"Cardiovascular and endocrine alterations after masturbation-induced orgasm in women.","volume":"61","author":"Exton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026062218572908400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-64-1-27","article-title":"Plasma oxytocin increases in the human sexual response.","volume":"64","author":"Carmichael","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026062218572908400_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(85)90164-2","article-title":"Elevation of pain threshold by vaginal stimulation in women.","volume":"21","author":"Whipple","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026062218572908400_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2022.02.011","article-title":"Sexuality and sleep disorders.","volume":"19","author":"Lew-Starowicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026062218572908400_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13814","article-title":"The influence of sexual activity on sleep: a diary study.","volume":"32","author":"Oesterling","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026062218572908400_R14","first-page":"211","article-title":"Depression among women with hypoactive sexual desire: orgasm consistency training analysis and effect on treatment outcomes.","volume":"6","author":"McVey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can J Hum Sex"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026062218572908400_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-012-9967-x","article-title":"Why women have orgasms: an evolutionary analysis.","volume":"41","author":"Puts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026062218572908400_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01541618","article-title":"Relationships among cardiovascular, muscular, and oxytocin responses during human sexual activity.","volume":"23","author":"Carmichael","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2026062218572908400_R17"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026062218572908400_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1993.1272","article-title":"Human sperm competition: ejaculate manipulation by females and a function for the female orgasm.","volume":"46","author":"Baker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"2026062218572908400_R19"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026062218572908400_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.09.117","article-title":"Female sexual function and distress and time-to-pregnancy in a prospective preconception cohort.","volume":"232","author":"Bond","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026062218572908400_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(00)00069-6","article-title":"The nature of human orgasm: a critical review of major trends.","volume":"21","author":"Mah","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"4286","key":"2026062218572908400_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847460","article-title":"The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine.","volume":"196","author":"Engel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026062218572908400_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12201","article-title":"Design and conduct of an internet-based preconception cohort study in North America: pregnancy study online.","volume":"29","author":"Wise","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026062218572908400_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2022.08.199","article-title":"Predictors of non-response to a sexual health survey in a North American preconception cohort study.","volume":"19","author":"Bond","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026062218572908400_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/009262300278597","article-title":"The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): a multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function.","volume":"26","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026062218572908400_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202076","article-title":"Validation of a Visual Analogue Scale to measure the subjective perception of orgasmic intensity in females: the Orgasmometer-F.","volume":"13","author":"Mollaioli","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026062218572908400_R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/0167482X.2019.1599857","article-title":"Self-reported reasons for having difficulty reaching orgasm during partnered sex: relation to orgasmic pleasure.","volume":"41","author":"Hevesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026062218572908400_R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.05.014","article-title":"Understanding orgasmic difficulty in women.","volume":"13","author":"Rowland","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2026062218572908400_R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/snp.v6.31624","article-title":"Determinants of female sexual orgasms.","volume":"6","author":"Kontula","year":"2016","journal-title":"Socioaffect Neurosci Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026062218572908400_R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01494.x","article-title":"Risk factors for individual domains of female sexual function.","volume":"6","author":"Jiann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026062218572908400_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/ijir.2014.8","article-title":"Personal factors that contribute to or impair women\u2019s ability to achieve orgasm.","volume":"26","author":"de Lucena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026062218572908400_R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.01.029","article-title":"Female orgasm and overall sexual function and habits: a descriptive study of a cohort of U.S. women.","volume":"17","author":"Shaeer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026062218572908400_R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0529-3","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the Major Depression Inventory (MDI) as depression severity scale using the LEAD (Longitudinal Expert Assessment of All Data) as index of validity.","volume":"15","author":"Bech","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026062218572908400_R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress.","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026062218572908400_R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.09.001","article-title":"Sexual satisfaction and frequency of orgasm in women with chronic pelvic pain due to endometriosis.","volume":"17","author":"H\u00e4mmerli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2026062218572908400_R36"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026062218572908400_R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5653","article-title":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, post-treatment sexual dysfunction and persistent genital arousal disorder: a systematic review.","volume":"32","author":"Tarchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026062218572908400_R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02709.x","article-title":"Bidirectional association between depression and sexual dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"9","author":"Atlantis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026062218572908400_R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2022.2126417","article-title":"Sexual repertoire, duration of partnered sex, sexual pleasure, and orgasm: findings from a US nationally representative survey of adults.","volume":"49","author":"Herbenick","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026062218572908400_R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-017-1102-6","article-title":"Women\u2019s experience of orgasm during intercourse: question semantics affect women\u2019s reports and men\u2019s estimates of orgasm occurrence.","volume":"47","author":"Shirazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"}],"container-title":["Sexual Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1071\/SH26013\/1879403\/sh26013.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1071\/SH26013\/1879403\/sh26013.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T22:57:35Z","timestamp":1782169055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/sh\/article\/23\/4\/SH26013\/273065\/Female-orgasm-frequency-correlates-and-measurement"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Heather","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/sh26013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-5028","1449-8987"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1448-5028","type":"print"},{"value":"1449-8987","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"article-number":"SH26013"}}