{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T01:24:22Z","timestamp":1787189062734,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007763","name":"Engineering Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wildfires can rapidly spread or ignite within wildland\u2013urban interface areas, creating life-threatening conditions for people unable to evacuate or who become trapped during evacuation. The 2018 Camp Fire in Butte County, California, USA, provides an example of such a scenario.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify lessons from the Camp Fire evacuation and introduce temporary fire refuge areas as a contingency that communities can incorporate into evacuation planning and response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted an in-depth case study of the Camp Fire to reconstruct the conditions and sequence of evacuation events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The fire reached communities within an hour of ignition, burning homes, blocking egress routes, and trapping hundreds of evacuees. The ad hoc use of 31 temporary refuge areas saved at least 261 civilian lives and reduced the risk to at least 961 others.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ad hoc temporary refuge areas facilitated a fortunate outcome with no known accompanying casualties. Pre-planned identification of suitable areas could help emergency managers reduce risk in their communities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Communities should account for no-notice, dire scenarios in evacuation plans and community outreach, and include temporary fire refuge areas in fire response plans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/wf25312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T23:58:36Z","timestamp":1787183916000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lessons learned from community-scale use of temporary refuge areas during the Camp Fire"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7784-5023","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric","family":"Link","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fire Research Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive A , , , .","place":["Gaithersburg, MD, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Maranghides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fire Research Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive A , , , .","place":["Gaithersburg, MD, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081920462750300_R1","unstructured":"Acarian R (2017) California Journal: they survived six hours in a pool as a wildfire burned their neighborhood to the ground. The Los Angeles Times, 12 October."},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R2"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R3","unstructured":"Allday E (2017) Family\u2019s tragedy: in pool to escape flames, wife dies in husband\u2019s arms. San Francisco Chronicle, 13 October."},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R4"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2017.12.013","article-title":"Surviving bushfire: the role of shelters and sheltering practices during the Black Saturday bushfires.","volume":"81","author":"Blanchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081920462750300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1071\/WF9980073","article-title":"Firefighter safety zones: a theoretical model based on radiative heating.","volume":"8","author":"Butler","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081920462750300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1071\/WF13021","article-title":"Wildland firefighter safety zones: a review of past science and summary of future needs.","volume":"23","author":"Butler","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R8"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R9"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081920462750300_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/fire5010005","article-title":"Assessing potential safety zone suitability using a new online mapping tool.","volume":"5","author":"Campbell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fire"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R11"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R12"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081920462750300_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1527-6988(2009)10:4(151)","article-title":"Protective actions in wildfires: evacuate or shelter-in-place?","volume":"10","author":"Cova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Natural Hazards Review"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081920462750300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.3390\/su3101662","article-title":"Modeling evacuate versus shelter-in-place decisions in wildfires.","volume":"3","author":"Cova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081920462750300_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"06021003","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000474","article-title":"Toward simulating dire wildfire scenarios.","volume":"22","author":"Cova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natural Hazards Review"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-03-2021-0378","article-title":"Myopia during emergency improvisation: lessons from a catastrophic wildfire.","volume":"60","author":"Cunha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Management Decision"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1071\/WF15198","article-title":"Analysis of forest fire fatalities in Greece: 1977\u20132013.","volume":"25","author":"Diakakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R18"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R19","unstructured":"Flynn R (2025) Westmont College calls Pepperdine\u2019s shelter-in-place protocol \u2018the gold standard\u2019. The Pepperdine Graphic, 4 April."},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2023.100729","article-title":"Analyzing risk perception, evacuation decision and delay time: a case study of the 2021 Marshall Fire in Colorado.","volume":"35","author":"Forrister","year":"2024","journal-title":"Travel Behaviour and Society"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R21","unstructured":"Gafni M (2023) One woman\u2019s harrowing escape from Lahaina: 7 hours in water, clinging to a wall. San Francisco Chronicle, 13 August."},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R22"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R23"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdisas.2019.100015","article-title":"The risk of dying in bushfires: a comparative analysis of fatalities and survivors.","volume":"1","author":"Handmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Progress in Disaster Science"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R25","unstructured":"Harding L (2013) Australian wildfires: clinging to life, a family defies wall of flame. The Guardian, 9 January."},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R26"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081920462750300_R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2010.03.002","article-title":"Australian bushfire fatalities 1900\u20132008: exploring trends in relation to the \u2018Prepare, stay and defend or leave early\u2019 policy.","volume":"13","author":"Haynes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081920462750300_R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.69554\/IJET9958","article-title":"Evacuate or shelter-in-place? Applying a risk-informed decision support tool for long-term care facilities threatened by wildfire.","volume":"18","author":"Hobbs","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2024.106691","article-title":"Quantifying dire evacuations in case of wildfire using trigger boundaries and case study of the 2018 Mati wildfire in Greece.","volume":"181","author":"Kalogeropoulos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R30"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R31"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081920462750300_R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1071\/WF22115","article-title":"Burnover events identified during the 2018 Camp Fire.","volume":"32","author":"Link","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081920462750300_R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2011.09.003","article-title":"Analysis of child pick-up during daily routines and for daytime no-notice evacuations.","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081920462750300_R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12008","article-title":"Incorporating household gathering and mode decisions in large-scale no-notice evacuation modeling.","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maranghides A, Link E, Mell W, Hawks S, Wilson M, Brewer W, Brown C, Vihnaneck B, Walton WD (2021) A case study of the Camp Fire\u2014Fire progression timeline. NIST Technical Note 2135. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. doi:10.6028\/NIST.TN.2135","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.TN.2135"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maranghides A, Link E, Mell W, Hawks S, Brown C, Walton W (2023) A case study of the Camp Fire\u2014Notification, evacuation, traffic, and temporary refuge areas. NIST Technical Note 2252. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. doi:10.6028\/NIST.TN.2252","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.TN.2252"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maranghides A, Link ED (2025) WUI fire evacuation and sheltering considerations: assessment, planning, and execution (ESCAPE). NIST Technical Note 2262r1. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. doi:10.6028\/NIST.TN.2262r1","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.TN.2262r1"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R38"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081920462750300_R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1071\/WF13050","article-title":"Wildfire evacuation and its alternatives: perspectives from four United States\u2019 communities.","volume":"24","author":"McCaffrey","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081920462750300_R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12944","article-title":"Should I stay or should I go now? Or should I wait and see? Influences on wildfire evacuation decisions.","volume":"38","author":"McCaffrey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Risk Analysis"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R41"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R42"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R43","first-page":"43","article-title":"\u201cDeep survival\u201d: experiences of some who lived when they might have died in the 7 February 2009 bushfires.","volume":"26","author":"McLennan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Emergency Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081920462750300_R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1071\/WF12213","article-title":"Predicting delay in residents\u2019 decisions on defending v. evacuating through antecedents of decision avoidance.","volume":"24","author":"McNeill","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081920462750300_R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-010-0171-z","article-title":"Protecting lives and property in the wildland\u2013urban interface: communities in Montana and Southern California adopt Australian paradigm.","volume":"47","author":"Mutch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fire Technology"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R46"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R47"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R48"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R49"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081920462750300_R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1071\/WF19022","article-title":"A review of US wildland firefighter entrapments: trends, important environmental factors and research needs.","volume":"28","author":"Page","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081920462750300_R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/jof\/106.2.65","article-title":"Alternatives to evacuation\u2014Protecting public safety during wildland fire.","volume":"106","author":"Paveglio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Forestry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081920462750300_R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1071\/WF09034","article-title":"Adoption and perceptions of shelter-in-place in California\u2019s Rancho Santa Fe Fire Protection District.","volume":"19","author":"Paveglio","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081920462750300_R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/17477891.2011.635185","article-title":"Wildfire evacuation and its alternatives in a post-Black Saturday landscape: catchy slogans and cautionary tales.","volume":"11","author":"Paveglio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environmental Hazards"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081920462750300_R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1071\/WF13057","article-title":"Understanding evacuation preferences and wildfire mitigations among Northwest Montana residents.","volume":"23","author":"Paveglio","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2013.09.001","article-title":"Defining adequate means of residents to prepare property for protection from wildfire.","volume":"6","author":"Penman","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.06.009","article-title":"An open multi-physics framework for modelling wildland-urban interface fire evacuations.","volume":"118","author":"Ronchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102177","article-title":"Preparing for wildfire evacuation and alternatives: exploring influences on residents\u2019 intended evacuation behaviors and mitigations.","volume":"58","author":"Stasiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2017.09.001","article-title":"On the utility of shelters in wildfire evacuations.","volume":"94","author":"Steer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fire Safety Journal"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R59"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2018.03.033","article-title":"Analysis of evacuation behavior in a wildfire event.","volume":"31","author":"Toledo","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R61","unstructured":"Weiss KR, Chawkins S (2008) A long night of fear in the college gym. The Los Angeles Times, 15 November."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081920462750300_R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1071\/WF12010","article-title":"Community safety during the 2009 Australian \u2018Black Saturday\u2019 bushfires: an analysis of household preparedness and response.","volume":"22","author":"Whittaker","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"},{"key":"2026081920462750300_R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2017.05.002","article-title":"Experiences of sheltering during the Black Saturday bushfires: implications for policy and research.","volume":"23","author":"Whittaker","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081920462750300_R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-015-1982-5","article-title":"Into the firing line: civilian ingress during the 2013 \u201cRed October\u201d bushfires, Australia.","volume":"80","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Natural Hazards"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Wildland Fire"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/wf\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1071\/WF25312\/1949493\/wf25312.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/wf\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1071\/WF25312\/1949493\/wf25312.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:46:37Z","timestamp":1787186797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/wf\/article\/35\/8\/WF25312\/275676\/Lessons-learned-from-community-scale-use-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/wf25312","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-8001","1448-5516"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-8001","type":"print"},{"value":"1448-5516","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"article-number":"WF25312"}}