{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T16:59:29Z","timestamp":1770224369007,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2639,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The dispersion of nanoparticles into ionic liquids leads to enhancement of their thermal conductivity. Several papers report on various enhancement values, whereas the comparison between these values with those from theoretical calculations is not always performed. These thermal conductivity enhancements are desired due to their beneficial impact on heat transfer performance in processes requiring the utilisation of heat transfer fluids. Moreover, on the one hand, the theoretical modelling of these enhancements might lead to an easier, cheaper, and faster heat transfer unit design, which could be an enormous advantage in the design of novel industrial applications. On the other hand, it significantly impacts the enhancement mechanism. The aim of this work is to discuss the enhancement of thermal conductivity caused by the dispersion of nanoparticles in ionic liquids, including the analysis of their errors, followed by its theoretical modelling. Furthermore, a comparison between the data reported herein with those available in the literature is carried out following the reproducibility of the thermal conductivity statement. The ionic liquids studied were 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, while carbon nanotubes, boron nitride, and graphite were selected as nanoparticles to be dispersed in the investigated ionic liquids to design novel heat transfer fluids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/ch18116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,28]],"date-time":"2018-05-28T00:35:48Z","timestamp":1527467748000},"page":"21-33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Thermal Conductivity Enhancement Phenomena in Ionic Liquid-Based Nanofluids (Ionanofluids)"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Kamil","family":"Oster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AThe University of Manchester, School of Chemical Engineering & Analytical Science, Sackville Street, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK."},{"name":"BQueen\u2019s University Belfast, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Stranmillis Road, BT9 5AG, Belfast, UK."},{"name":"FCorresponding authors. Email: kamil.oster@manchester.ac.uk; c.hardacre@manchester.ac.uk"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hardacre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AThe University of Manchester, School of Chemical Engineering & Analytical Science, Sackville Street, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK."},{"name":"BQueen\u2019s University Belfast, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Stranmillis Road, BT9 5AG, Belfast, UK."},{"name":"FCorresponding authors. Email: kamil.oster@manchester.ac.uk; c.hardacre@manchester.ac.uk"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Jacquemin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BQueen\u2019s University Belfast, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Stranmillis Road, BT9 5AG, Belfast, UK."},{"name":"CUniversit\u00e9 de Tours, Laboratoire PCM2E, Parc de Grandmont 37200, Tours, France."}]},{"given":"Ana P. C.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DUniversidade de Lisboa, Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Elsinawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EKing Faisal University, Materials Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al-Hasa, 31982, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia."}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121502024022500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJTHERMALSCI.2006.06.010","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJHEATMASSTRANSFER.2009.02.006","volume":"52","author":"Kaka\u00e7","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/J.RSER.2005.01.010","volume":"11","author":"Trisaksri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1021\/JE900107T","volume":"54","author":"Fran\u00e7a","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1021\/JE020160L","volume":"48","author":"Nunes","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R6","first-page":"7","volume":"23","author":"Mendonca","year":"1981","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Quim."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R7"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R8","first-page":"28","volume":"65","author":"Canter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tribol. Lubr. Technol."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11024","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSSUSCHEMENG.7B02918","volume":"5","author":"Musial","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem.& Eng."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R10"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TCA.2004.11.013","volume":"425","author":"Van Valkenburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R12"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R13"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/NATURE04451","volume":"439","author":"Earle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1070\/RCR4510","volume":"84","author":"Chernikova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Russ. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R16"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-457-3","volume":"457","author":"Eastman","year":"1996","journal-title":"MRS Online Proc. Libr."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJTHERMALSCI.2004.12.005","volume":"44","author":"Murshed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1408272","volume":"79","author":"Choi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1021\/JE900648P","volume":"55","author":"Nieto de Castro","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCT.2014.05.008","volume":"79","author":"Fran\u00e7a","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1021\/JE301183R","volume":"58","author":"Fran\u00e7a","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1080\/01457630701850851","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heat Transf. Eng."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/S10404-009-0524-4","volume":"8","author":"\u00d6zerin\u00e7","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microfluid. Nanofluidics"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-6-229","volume":"6","author":"Kleinstreuer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17075","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CP01952A","volume":"19","author":"Fran\u00e7a","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R27"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1021\/I160003A005","volume":"1","author":"Hamilton","year":"1962","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1662868","volume":"44","author":"Tinga","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/S11051-005-9018-9","volume":"8","author":"Leong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJTHERMALSCI.2007.05.004","volume":"47","author":"Murshed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61203","DOI":"10.1103\/PHYSREVE.76.061203","volume":"76","author":"Timofeeva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8600","DOI":"10.1021\/ACS.IECR.5B00932","volume":"54","author":"Atashrouz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1039\/B615950H","volume":"9","author":"Burrell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1021\/AC061481T","volume":"79","author":"Earle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1039\/B204469B","volume":"4","author":"Holbrey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1039\/B009459P","volume":"3","author":"Holbrey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCT.2018.02.013","volume":"121","author":"Oster","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1166\/JON.2013.1035","volume":"2","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanofluids"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6571","DOI":"10.1021\/NN201946X","volume":"5","author":"Zhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14302","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4903737","volume":"117","author":"Zyla","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PROENG.2015.01.226","volume":"102","author":"Wan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCT.2017.10.010","volume":"118","author":"Oster","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MOLLIQ.2018.01.025","volume":"253","author":"Oster","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40801","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4002633","volume":"133","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Heat Transfer"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/14786436608211993","volume":"13","author":"Taylor","year":"1966","journal-title":"Philos. Mag."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4607","DOI":"10.1103\/PHYSREVB.13.4607","volume":"13","author":"Sichel","year":"1976","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4526(02)00969-9","volume":"323","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physica B"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1021\/JE700176D","volume":"52","author":"Ge","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJHEATFLUIDFLOW.2007.05.002","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/S10765-010-0889-3","volume":"31","author":"Fr\u00f6ba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1021\/JE400268T","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/S10765-007-0241-8","volume":"28","author":"Tomida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1021\/ACS.JCED.6B00161","volume":"61","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJHEATMASSTRANSFER.2007.12.019","volume":"51","author":"Ho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJHEATFLUIDFLOW.2009.02.003","volume":"30","author":"Abu-Nada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R57"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1103\/PHYSREVB.4.2029","volume":"4","author":"Zeller","year":"1971","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1021\/NL050074E","volume":"5","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R60"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COLSURFA.2004.04.098","volume":"250","author":"Paruchuri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8849","DOI":"10.1038\/NCOMMS9849","volume":"6","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13684","DOI":"10.1021\/JP070853E","volume":"111","author":"White","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102401","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4819266","volume":"103","author":"Ouyang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435873","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/435873","volume":"2012","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/J.POWTEC.2009.07.025","volume":"196","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJTHERMALSCI.2013.08.010","volume":"76","author":"Haddad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"2025121502024022500_R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4613","DOI":"10.1103\/PHYSREVLETT.84.4613","volume":"84","author":"Berber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."}],"container-title":["Australian Journal of Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/ch\/article-pdf\/72\/2\/21\/786283\/ch18116.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/ch\/article-pdf\/72\/2\/21\/786283\/ch18116.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T07:02:50Z","timestamp":1765782170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/ch\/article\/72\/2\/21\/100590\/Thermal-Conductivity-Enhancement-Phenomena-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,28]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/ch18116","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-9425","1445-0038"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-9425","type":"print"},{"value":"1445-0038","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,28]]}}}