{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T01:23:41Z","timestamp":1768094621921,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4386,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Environmental context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increasing use of sun-creams containing UV-filtering chemicals has led to increased inputs of these compounds to the aquatic environment. Chlorinated waters can convert these chemicals into chlorinated products whose toxic effects are of primary concern. To better understand the environmental fate of sun-cream chemicals, we studied the stability of two UV-filtering compounds under varying conditions of pH, chlorine concentration, temperature, dissolved organic matter and solar irradiation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The stability of the UV filters 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and 4-tert-butyl-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane (BDM) in chlorinated water was studied. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV-diode array detection (DAD) was used to follow the reaction kinetics of both UV filters and HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (MS\/MS) was used to tentatively identify the major transformation by-products. Under the experimental conditions used in this work both UV filters reacted with chlorine following pseudo-first order kinetics: rate constant k\u00a0=\u00a00.0095\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.0007\u00a0min\u20131 and half-life t1\/2\u00a0=\u00a073\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04\u00a0min for EHMC and rate constant k\u00a0=\u00a00.006\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.001\u00a0min\u20131 and half-life t1\/2\u00a0=\u00a0119\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014\u00a0min for BDM (mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0standard deviation). The chemical transformation of the UV filters in chlorinated water led to the formation of chlorinated by-products that were tentatively identified as mono- and dichloro-substituted compounds that resulted from substitution of the hydrogen atoms in the benzene rings by one or two chlorine atoms. Experimental Box\u2013Behnken designs were used to assess the effect of experimental factors: pH, temperature, chlorine concentration, dissolved organic matter and artificial sunlight irradiation on the transformation of the UV filters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/en13012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,8]],"date-time":"2013-05-08T21:10:29Z","timestamp":1368047429000},"page":"127-134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Degradation of UV filters 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate and 4-tert-butyl-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane in chlorinated water"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"A. Joel M.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ACentro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, PT-4169-007 Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Diana M. A.","family":"Crista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACentro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, PT-4169-007 Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Margarida S.","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCentro de Geologia da Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, PT-4169-007 Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Isabel F.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCentro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Laborat\u00f3rio de Tecnologia Farmac\u00eautica, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, PT-4050-313 Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 P.","family":"Sousa e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCentro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Laborat\u00f3rio de Tecnologia Farmac\u00eautica, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, PT-4050-313 Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Paulo C.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCentro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Laborat\u00f3rio de Tecnologia Farmac\u00eautica, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, PT-4050-313 Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Maria H.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCentro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Laborat\u00f3rio de Tecnologia Farmac\u00eautica, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, PT-4050-313 Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Paulo A. L.","family":"Lob\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCentro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Laborat\u00f3rio de Tecnologia Farmac\u00eautica, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, PT-4050-313 Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Sousa Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCentro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Laborat\u00f3rio de Tecnologia Farmac\u00eautica, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, PT-4050-313 Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Joaquim C. G.","family":"Esteves da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACentro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, PT-4169-007 Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"DCorresponding author. E-mail:"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102411234321800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1039\/B9PP00174C","article-title":"Ultraviolet filters.","volume":"9","author":"Shaath","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"2025102411234321800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TRAC.2009.03.010","article-title":"Chemical analysis and ecotoxicological effects of organic UV-absorbing compounds in aquatic ecosystems.","volume":"28","author":"D\u00edaz-Cruz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2025102411234321800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TRAC.2007.02.012","article-title":"UV filters: from sunscreens to human body and the environment.","volume":"26","author":"Giokas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2025102411234321800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TRAC.2008.08.012","article-title":"Organic UV filters and their photodegradates, metabolites and disinfection by-products in the aquatic environment.","volume":"27","author":"D\u00edaz-Cruz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2025102411234321800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2010.09.079","article-title":"Exposure patterns of UV filters, fragrances, parabens, phthalates, organochlor pesticides, PBDEs, and PCBs in human milk: correlation of UV filters with use of cosmetics.","volume":"81","author":"Schlumpf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025102411234321800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ACA.2010.02.012","article-title":"Development of a fully automated sequential injection solid-phase extraction procedure coupled to liquid chromatography to determine free 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulphonic acid in human urine.","volume":"664","author":"Le\u00f3n","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"2025102411234321800_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1039\/B9AY00324J","article-title":"Analysis of five benzophenone-type UV filters in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.","volume":"2","author":"Kunisue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"2025102411234321800_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4624","DOI":"10.1021\/ES204415A","article-title":"Urinary concentrations of benzophenone-type UV filters in US women and their association with endometriosis.","volume":"46","author":"Kunisue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2025102411234321800_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1016\/J.WATRES.2012.03.057","article-title":"The degradation products of UV filters in aqueous and chlorinated aqueous solutions.","volume":"46","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2025102411234321800_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1021\/ES903241K","article-title":"The good, the bad, and the volatile: can we have both healthy pools and healthy people?","volume":"44","author":"LaKind","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2025102411234321800_R11","unstructured":"Chemical hazards, in Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments, Vol. 2: Swimming Pools and Similar Environments2006, pp. 60\u201379 (World Health Organization: Geneva). Available at http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2006\/9241546808_eng.pdf [Verified 19 April 2013]."},{"key":"2025102411234321800_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP.1001965","article-title":"What\u2019s in the pool? A comprehensive identification of disinfection by-products and assessement of mutagenicity of chlorinated and brominated swimming pool water.","volume":"118","author":"Richardson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2025102411234321800_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(03)01331-1","article-title":"Aqueous photolysis of the sunscreen agent octyl-dimethyl-p-aminobenzoic acid. Formation of disinfection byproducts in chlorinated swimming pool water.","volume":"1016","author":"Sakkas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"2025102411234321800_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHROMA.2007.11.057","article-title":"Study of some UV filters stability in chlorinated water and identification of halogenated by-products by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry.","volume":"1178","author":"Negreira","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"2025102411234321800_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1248\/JHS.55.363","article-title":"Aquatic fate of sunscreen agents octyl-4-methoxycinnamate and octyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate in model swimming pools and the mutagenic assays of their chlorination by-products.","volume":"55","author":"Nakajima","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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Available at http:\/\/www.ich.org\/fileadmin\/Public_Web_Site\/ICH_Products\/Guidelines\/Quality\/Q2_R1\/Step4\/Q2_R1__Guideline.pdf [Verified 19 April 2013]."},{"key":"2025102411234321800_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1021\/ES2034685","article-title":"In vitro exposure of Acer negundo pollen to atmospheric levels of SO2 and NO2: effects on allergenicity and germination.","volume":"46","author":"Sousa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Environmental Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/en\/article-pdf\/10\/2\/127\/173026\/en13012.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/en\/article-pdf\/10\/2\/127\/173026\/en13012.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T15:23:47Z","timestamp":1761319427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/en\/article\/10\/2\/127\/24313\/Degradation-of-UV-filters-2-ethylhexyl-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/en13012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-2517","1449-8979"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1448-2517","type":"print"},{"value":"1449-8979","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]]}}}