{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T19:59:34Z","timestamp":1770580774823,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2142,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Environmental context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nanotechnology has great potential for managing agricultural plant disease. This study compares effects of various nano and conventional copper formulations on Collembola Folsomia candida, a model arthropod often used to test soil pollutants. Although toxicity varied between formulations, with a nanopesticide showing one of the highest toxicities, the differences were mainly due to the active copper compound rather than its nano formulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nanotechnology has recently become a major asset in agricultural practices owing to the improvement and provision of solutions for plant disease management, especially in the form of nanopesticides. These products are considered as one of the main direct sources of nanomaterials in terrestrial ecosystems, and for that reason, it is essential to understand and evaluate their behaviour and toxicity in the environment. In addition, the panoply of similar compounds makes it difficult to accurately evaluate if different formulations may induce different effects on non-target organisms. We aim to compare the toxicity and bioavailability of different copper formulations (nano and non-nano) applied to the soil using the model organism Folsomia candida. Reproduction tests were performed in two different soils (Lufa 2.1 and 2.2) with two equilibrium times after spiking (0 and 48 h). Depending on the copper form present in the formulation, the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of the non-nano pesticides varied from 274 mg Cu kg-1 in Champion\u00ae to 3030 mg Cu kg-1 in Cupravit\u00ae in Lufa 2.2 and 48 h equilibrium. The nano formulation displayed one of the highest toxicities to collembolans, with an EC50 of 156 mg Cu kg-1. Regarding the soil type, a higher toxicity in Lufa 2.1 was observed probably related to the soil characteristics, namely lower pH and lower organic content, which increase the metal solubility and consequently the bioavailability. The only exception was the nanopesticide Kocide 3000\u00ae, whose toxicity was higher in Lufa 2.2. This study emphasises the importance of understanding the links between metal bioavailability and toxicity to support the more robust environmental risk assessment of different Cu fungicide formulations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/en19061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,30]],"date-time":"2019-06-30T19:37:21Z","timestamp":1561923441000},"page":"419-429","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Copper toxicity to Folsomia candida in different soils: a comparison between nano and conventional formulations"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Joana","family":"Neves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal."},{"name":"DCorresponding authors. Email: jtneves@ua.pt"}]},{"given":"Diogo N.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Malheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Kah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BUniversity of Auckland, School of Environment, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand."}]},{"given":"Amadeu M. V. M.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Frederick J.","family":"Wrona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5393-9623","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susana","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal."},{"name":"DCorresponding authors. Email: jtneves@ua.pt"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102411415113900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12561","DOI":"10.1021\/ES5033426","article-title":"Influence of Extracellular Polymeric Substances on the Long-Term Fate, Dissolution, and Speciation of Copper-Based Nanoparticles","volume":"48","author":"Adeleye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025102411415113900_R2"},{"key":"2025102411415113900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ECOENV.2010.08.039","article-title":"Formulation of water-dispersible nanopermethrin for larvicidal applications","volume":"73","author":"Anjali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"2025102411415113900_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/S10646-012-1027-8","article-title":"Dynamic bioavailability of copper in soil estimated by uptake and elimination kinetics in the springtail Folsomia candida","volume":"22","author":"Ardestani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2025102411415113900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVPOL.2013.05.024","article-title":"Using a toxicokinetics approach to explain the effect of soil pH on cadmium bioavailability to Folsomia candida","volume":"180","author":"Ardestani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2025102411415113900_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1002\/ETC.2353","article-title":"Toxicodynamics of Copper and Cadmium in Folsomia candida exposed to simulated soil solutions","volume":"32","author":"Ardestani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2025102411415113900_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1021\/ES504918Q","article-title":"Aggregation, Dissolution, and Transformation of Copper Nanoparticles in Natural Waters","volume":"49","author":"Conway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025102411415113900_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1897\/04-505R.1","article-title":"Effect of soil properties and aging on the toxicity of copper for Enchytraeus albidus, Enchytraeus luxuriosus, and Folsomia candida","volume":"24","author":"de Barros Amorim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2025102411415113900_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2004.04.026","article-title":"Comparative study on the susceptibility of freshwater species to copper-based pesticides","volume":"56","author":"de Oliveira-Filho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025102411415113900_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2010.05.029","article-title":"Influence of soil properties on molybdenum uptake and elimination kinetics in the earthworm Eisenia andrei","volume":"80","author":"D\u00edez-Ortiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025102411415113900_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV-PHYTO-080417-050108","article-title":"The Future of Nanotechnology in Plant Pathology","volume":"56","author":"Elmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annual Review of Phytopathology"},{"key":"2025102411415113900_R12","unstructured":"European Commission (2018). Commission implementing regulation (EU) 2018\/1981 of 13 December 2018 renewing the approval of the active substances copper compounds, as candidates for substitution, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107\/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, and amending the Annex to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540\/201. Available at https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32018R1981&rid=3 [verified 12 June 2019]"},{"key":"2025102411415113900_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/J.EFSA.2018.5152","article-title":"Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance copper compounds copper(I), copper(II) variants namely copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, tribasic copper sulfate, copper(I) oxide, Bordeaux mixture","volume":"16","author":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"2025102411415113900_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-6513(02)00003-9","article-title":"Photosynthetic responses of Lemna minor exposed to xenobiotics, copper, and their combinations","volume":"53","author":"Frankart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental 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