{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T04:47:15Z","timestamp":1764305235521,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Spotting is a very important mechanism of forest fire spread. Its negative effect increases in extreme fire danger conditions. In order to predict the maximum spotting distance, the duration of the combustion reaction of potential firebrands should be evaluated. This paper reports the results of an experimental laboratory study of the combustibility of firebrand material (pine cones and scales and pieces of bark of eucalypt) of two representative species in Portugal, Pinus pinaster Ait. and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. The main purpose was to assess the role on the burning conditions of the firebrand particle orientation angle \u03b8 in relation to the airflow and of the flow velocity (U) around the particle. Tests were made varying the angle of orientation of the main axis of the particle in relation to incident flow in the range of \u00b190\u00b0; flow velocities were tested from 0 to 6.5 m s\u20131. After ignition, particle mass loss owing to flaming or glowing combustion of the particle was continuously measured. Residual mass, duration of the flaming phase and the burnout times are reported for each case. Empirical models to estimate the trends of variation of some of these parameters with \u03b8 and U are proposed to illustrate their importance for the range of test conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/wf09080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,4]],"date-time":"2011-10-04T23:04:20Z","timestamp":1317769460000},"page":"946-962","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Effect of particle orientation and of flow velocity on the combustibility of Pinus pinaster and Eucalyptus globulus firebrand material"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AADAI\/LAETA, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento da Aerodin\u00e2mica Industrial, Rua Pedro Hispano, 12, 3030-289 Coimbra, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Domingos Xavier","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AADAI\/LAETA, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento da Aerodin\u00e2mica Industrial, Rua Pedro Hispano, 12, 3030-289 Coimbra, Portugal."},{"name":"BDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis dos Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal."},{"name":"DCorresponding author. Email: xavier.viegas@dem.uc.pt"}]},{"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Reva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AADAI\/LAETA, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento da Aerodin\u00e2mica Industrial, Rua Pedro Hispano, 12, 3030-289 Coimbra, Portugal."}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112621315950200_R1"},{"key":"2025112621315950200_R2"},{"key":"2025112621315950200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/00102208308923662","article-title":"Transport of firebrands by line thermals.","volume":"32","author":"Albini","year":"1983","journal-title":"Combustion Science and Technology"},{"key":"2025112621315950200_R4"},{"key":"2025112621315950200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FIRESAF.2006.01.005","article-title":"On the trajectories of embers initially elevated or lofted by small scale ground fire plumes in high winds.","volume":"41","author":"Anthenien","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fire Safety Journal"},{"key":"2025112621315950200_R6"},{"key":"2025112621315950200_R7"},{"unstructured":"Ellis PF (2000) The aerodynamic and combustion characteristics of eucalypt bark \u2013 a firebrand study. PhD dissertation. Australian National University, Canberra, ACT.","key":"2025112621315950200_R8"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025112621315950200_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1080\/00102200601015574","article-title":"Effects of moisture on ignition behavior of moist California chaparral and Utah leaves.","volume":"179","author":"Fletcher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Combustion Science and Technology"},{"key":"2025112621315950200_R10","first-page":"322","article-title":"Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species.","volume":"78","author":"Fonda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Northwest Science"},{"key":"2025112621315950200_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1071\/WF07119","article-title":"Firebrands and spotting ignition in large-scale fires.","volume":"19","author":"Koo","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"},{"key":"2025112621315950200_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1071\/WF06031","article-title":"Ignition of mulch and grasses by firebrands in wildland\u2013urban interface fires.","volume":"15","author":"Manzello","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025112621315950200_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1071\/WF06079","article-title":"Firebrand generation from burning vegetation.","volume":"16","author":"Manzello","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"},{"key":"2025112621315950200_R14"},{"unstructured":"Pagni PJ, Woicheese JP (2000) Fire spread by brand spotting. In \u201815th Meeting of the UJNR Panel on Fire Research and Safety\u2019, 1\u20137 March 2000, San Antonio, TX. (Ed. SL Bryner) Vol. 2. NISTIR 6588, pp. 373\u2013380. (National Institute of Standards and Technology) Available at http:\/\/fire.nist.gov\/bfrlpubs\/fire00\/PDF\/f00131.pdf [Verified 27 September 2011]","key":"2025112621315950200_R15"},{"unstructured":"Pereira da Silva W, Diniz da Silva CM (2009) LAB fit curve fitting software (nonlinear regression and treatment of data program) Ver. 7.2.46. 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