{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T04:41:06Z","timestamp":1770352866586,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4450,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Laboratory fire tests were performed in still air, for variable inclinations (10\u00b0, 15\u00b0) and fuel bed dimensions (1.28\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02.50\u20133.0\u00a0\u00d7\u00a04.6\u00a0m2), with homogeneous fuel beds of pine needles and pine wood excelsior. The fire ignition was made at a point, along a closed line with no fuel inside and along a straight edge of the fuel bed. The tests were recorded with an infrared camera and various techniques were developed to implement direct and indirect empirical methods of construction of the \u2018orientation function\u2019 of the fire in the given fuel bed and ambient conditions, showing how the rate of spread of a steady straight fire front depends on its orientation on the terrain. The direct method uses a set of straight fire fronts with various orientations whereas the indirect method uses essentially a point ignited fire front. Contrary to what is assumed in BehavePlus model, the orientation function is observed to depend significantly on the properties of the fuel bed. In all tests with closed fire fronts, the full steadiness required by the indirect method was not achieved (namely, at the head of the front), although, for slope angle of 10\u00b0, the corresponding errors induced on the orientation function were small.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/wf12028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]],"date-time":"2013-06-13T03:05:50Z","timestamp":1371092750000},"page":"970-979","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Angular variation of fire rate of spread"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jorge C. S.","family":"Andr\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo II, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, Pinhal de Marrocos, PT-3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal."},{"name":"DCorresponding author. Email: jorge.andre@dem.uc.pt"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o C.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo II, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, Pinhal de Marrocos, PT-3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal."},{"name":"CPresent address: Department of Food Industries, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu (ESAV), Quinta da Alagoa \u2013 Estrada de Nelas, Ranhados, PT-3500-606 Viseu, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Gilberto C.","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra (ISEC), Rua Pedro Nunes, Quinta da Nora, PT-3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Domingos X.","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo II, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, Pinhal de Marrocos, PT-3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal."}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112622530835100_R1"},{"key":"2025112622530835100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1017\/S0334270000000394","article-title":"Modelling the spread of grass fires.","volume":"23","author":"Anderson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society"},{"key":"2025112622530835100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1080\/00102200600910841","article-title":"Forest fire spread models: the local quasi-equilibrium approach.","volume":"178","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"2006","journal-title":"Combustion Science and Technology"},{"key":"2025112622530835100_R4"},{"key":"2025112622530835100_R5"},{"key":"2025112622530835100_R6"},{"key":"2025112622530835100_R7","first-page":"47","article-title":"Intensity of fire at its perimeter.","volume":"12","author":"Catchpole","year":"1982","journal-title":"Australian Forestry Research"},{"key":"2025112622530835100_R8"},{"key":"2025112622530835100_R9"},{"key":"2025112622530835100_R10"},{"key":"2025112622530835100_R11"},{"key":"2025112622530835100_R12","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves JC (2000) Experi\u00eancias de propaga\u00e7\u00e3o de frentes de fogo em leitos porosos homog\u00e9neos e inclinados \u2013 Valida\u00e7\u00e3o de duas conjecturas de uma teoria. MSc thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Portugal."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025112622530835100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/forestscience\/17.2.163","article-title":"A model for a small forest fire to simulate burned and burning areas for use in a detection model.","volume":"17","author":"Kourtz","year":"1971","journal-title":"Forest Science"},{"key":"2025112622530835100_R14"},{"key":"2025112622530835100_R15"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025112622530835100_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1093\/forestscience\/37.5.1314","article-title":"The acceleration of fire from point source to equilibrium spread.","volume":"37","author":"McAlpine","year":"1991","journal-title":"Forest Science"},{"key":"2025112622530835100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1002\/NME.1620300606","article-title":"An elliptical growth model of forest fire fronts and its numerical solution.","volume":"30","author":"Richards","year":"1990","journal-title":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025112622530835100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1071\/WF9950063","article-title":"A general mathematical framework for modelling two-dimensional wildland fire spread.","volume":"5","author":"Richards","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"},{"key":"2025112622530835100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc45103-2","article-title":"A simple fire-growth model.","volume":"45","author":"Van Wagner","year":"1969","journal-title":"Forestry Chronicle"},{"key":"2025112622530835100_R20"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025112622530835100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1071\/WF03008","article-title":"On the existence of a steady-state regime for slope and wind driven fire.","volume":"13","author":"Viegas","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025112622530835100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1071\/WF03046","article-title":"Slope and wind effects on fire propagation.","volume":"13","author":"Viegas","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Wildland Fire"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/wf\/article-pdf\/22\/7\/970\/930865\/wf12028.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/wf\/article-pdf\/22\/7\/970\/930865\/wf12028.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T03:53:12Z","timestamp":1764215592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/wf\/article\/22\/7\/970\/116984\/Angular-variation-of-fire-rate-of-spread"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/wf12028","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-8001","1448-5516"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-8001","type":"print"},{"value":"1448-5516","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]]}}}