{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T02:39:12Z","timestamp":1776479952128,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4971,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimation of population parameters for mammalian carnivore species is a challenging task because of their low densities and large home ranges, which make detection probabilities very low. Several factors, such as the species abundance, habitat structure or the use of an attractant affect carnivore detection probabilities; however, attractants are the most easily manipulated. Some previous research suggests that the use of effective attractants can significantly increase detection probabilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the effectiveness of several attractants for Iberian carnivores, and to evaluate their usefulness for non-invasive survey methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The responses of seven carnivore species to six potential attractants were evaluated through cafeteria-like experiments with captive specimens. A selectivity index was applied to assess the relative attractiveness of each tested substance. The enclosure tests were followed by field trials with camera-trapping, using the most promising attractants for field evaluation of their efficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Enclosure trials revealed that lynx urine was the most effective and generalist attractant because it successfully attracted six of the seven species tested. Rubbing behaviour was also induced in the greatest number of species by lynx urine. Field tests using a combination of lynx urine and valerian extract solution induced investigative behaviours in over 50% of all detection events in all species, with the exception of the Eurasian badger.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No single attractant is effective for all species. Nevertheless, a combination of lynx urine and valerian solution should efficiently attract the majority of species present in Iberian carnivore communities. Furthermore, some species exhibit a rubbing behaviour when they come in contact with the attractants. Regardless of the generalist efficiency of the lynx urine, other tested substances revealed promising results for single-species monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results provide a baseline for selecting attractants in survey and monitoring programs that focus on carnivore species. The rubbing behaviours exhibited by several of the species tested suggest the use of these attractants could improve the efficiency of field studies that rely on rub-pads for the collection of biological samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/wr11060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,12]],"date-time":"2011-10-12T01:49:48Z","timestamp":1318384188000},"page":"446-454","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Evaluation of attractants for non-invasive studies of Iberian carnivore communities"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Monterroso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ACIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agr\u00e1rio de Vair\u00e3o, Rua Padre Armando Quintas nr 7, Crasto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal."},{"name":"BDepartamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"CInstituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo, Ciudad Real, Espa\u00f1a."},{"name":"ECorresponding author. Email: pmonterroso@mail.icav.up.pt"}]},{"given":"Paulo C\u00e9lio","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agr\u00e1rio de Vair\u00e3o, Rua Padre Armando Quintas nr 7, Crasto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal."},{"name":"BDepartamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"DUniversity of Montana, Wildlife Biology Program, College of Forestry and Conservation, Missoula, MT 59812, USA."}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Ferreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CInstituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo, Ciudad Real, Espa\u00f1a."}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120820412805000_R1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Responses of urban mammals to odor attractants and a bait-dispensing device.","volume":"24","author":"Andelt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.2307\/3801811","article-title":"Injuries to wolves sustained during live-capture.","volume":"48","author":"Ballenberghe","year":"1984","journal-title":"The Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R3"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R4"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R5"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1071\/WR9940389","article-title":"Development and testing of attractants for feral cats, Felis catus L.","volume":"21","author":"Clapperton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Wildlife Research"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R7","first-page":"5","article-title":"Biogeografia de Portugal continental.","volume":"0","author":"Costa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Quercetea"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R8"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1071\/WR96013","article-title":"Field evaluation of olfactory lures for feral cats (Felis catus L.) in central Australia.","volume":"24","author":"Edwards","year":"1997","journal-title":"Wildlife Research"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.2307\/3566069","article-title":"Coexistence of stoat, Mustela erminea, and weasel, M. nivalis: social dominance, scent communication, and reciprocal distribution.","volume":"53","author":"Erlinge","year":"1988","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R11"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00170899","article-title":"Competitor assessment by scent matching: an experimental test.","volume":"26","author":"Gosling","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2008.01593.x","article-title":"The smell of new competitors: the response of American mink, Mustela vison, to the odours of otter, Lutra lutra and polecat, M. putorius.","volume":"115","author":"Harrington","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R14","first-page":"93","article-title":"Chemical attractants for central American felids.","volume":"25","author":"Harrison","year":"1997","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.2193\/0091-7648(2006)34[548:ACOSMF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A comparison of survey methods for detecting bobcats.","volume":"34","author":"Harrison","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.2307\/3672492","article-title":"Efficacy of feces as an attractant for mammalian carnivores.","volume":"47","author":"Howard","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Southwestern Naturalist"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1071\/WR05110","article-title":"Effect of a synthetic lure on site visitation and bait uptake by foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and wild dogs (Canis lupus dingo, Canis lupus familiaris).","volume":"34","author":"Hunt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wildlife Research"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2907.2000.00065.x","article-title":"Mustelid scent-marking in managed ecosystems: implications for population management.","volume":"30","author":"Hutchings","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mammal Review"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R19"},{"key":"2025120820412805000_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00384581","article-title":"Quantitative measurement of food selection. 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