{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T18:15:36Z","timestamp":1776363336225,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Angiosperms are among the major terrestrial radiations of life and a model group for studying patterns and processes of diversification. As a tool for future comparative studies, we compiled a supertree of angiosperm families from published phylogenetic studies. Sequence data from the plastid\n                    <jats:italic>rbcL<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene were used to estimate relative timing of branching events, calibrated by using robust fossil dates. The frequency of shifts in diversification rate is largely constant among time windows but with an apparent increase in diversification rates within the more recent time frames. Analyses of species numbers among families revealed that diversification rate is a labile attribute of lineages at all levels of the tree. An examination of the top 10 major shifts in diversification rates indicates they cannot easily be attributed to the action of a few key innovations but instead are consistent with a more complex process of diversification, reflecting the interactive effects of biological traits and the environment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308127100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,17]],"date-time":"2004-02-17T15:32:02Z","timestamp":1077031922000},"page":"1904-1909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":495,"title":["Darwin's abominable mystery: Insights from a supertree of the angiosperms"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"T. Jonathan","family":"Davies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Molecular Systematics Section, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew TW9 3DS, United Kingdom; and Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611"}]},{"given":"Timothy G.","family":"Barraclough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Molecular Systematics Section, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew TW9 3DS, United Kingdom; and Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611"}]},{"given":"Mark W.","family":"Chase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Molecular Systematics Section, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew TW9 3DS, United Kingdom; and Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611"}]},{"given":"Pamela S.","family":"Soltis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Molecular Systematics Section, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew TW9 3DS, United Kingdom; and Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611"}]},{"given":"Douglas E.","family":"Soltis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Molecular Systematics Section, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew TW9 3DS, United Kingdom; and Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Savolainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Molecular Systematics Section, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew TW9 3DS, United Kingdom; and Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","unstructured":"Darwin F. & Seward A. C. eds. (1903) More Letters of Charles Darwin (John Murray London) Vol. 2 ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.25.12278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/374027a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793101005735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Wilson E. O. (1992) The Diversity of Life (Belknap Harvard Univ. Press Cambridge MA)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"32","volume":"28","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bramwell, D. (2002) Plant Talk 28, 32.","journal-title":"Plant Talk"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1952.tb02810.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.09.110178.002053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1994.0084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.13.7030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1994.tb02200.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2399041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1992.tb02000.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/284921"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/320625"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1991.0069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"622","volume":"196","year":"1997","unstructured":"Regal, P. J. (1997) Science 196, 622\u2013629.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(96)81059-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05367.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1554\/0014-3820(2001)055[0677:ERASDI]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00826.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017125317840"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2399846"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","unstructured":"Chase M. W. Duvall M. R. Hills H. G. Conran J. G. Cox A. V. Caddick L. R. Cameron K. M. & Hoot S. B. (1995) in Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution eds. P. J. Rudall P. J. Cribb D. F. Cutler & Humphries C. J. (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew U.K.) pp. 109\u2013137."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4115644"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/49.2.306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/46528"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8339.2000.tb01588.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2656749"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/46536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1222480"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1055-7903(92)90035-F"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150511"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/106351502753475916"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1995.0078"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0006323199005307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2992015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","unstructured":"Swofford D. L. (2001) paup 4.0b8 (Sinauer Sunderland MA)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150290102348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3558458"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.092136399"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317584"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025731"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1782"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","first-page":"93","volume":"8","year":"1994","unstructured":"Drinnan, A. N., Crane, P. R. & Hoot, S. B. (1994) Plant Syst. Evol. 8, 93\u2013122 suppl.","journal-title":"Plant Syst. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SB9910681"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1219595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1995.0136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","first-page":"99","volume":"214","year":"2001","unstructured":"Purvis, A., Katzourakis, A. & Agapow, P. M. (2001) J. Theor. Biol. 214, 99\u2013103.","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2413596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/45.1.115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285586"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.264.5165.1590"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(96)10006-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/106351598261012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.032087199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077795"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","unstructured":"Purvis A. (1996) in New Uses for New Phylogenies eds. Harvey P. H. Brown A. J. L. Smith J. M. & Nee S. (Oxford Univ. Press Oxford) pp. 153\u2013168."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/106351502753475835"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00109.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01538.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","unstructured":"Chapman G. P. (1996) The Biology of Grasses (CAB International Oxon U.K.)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01451.x"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0308127100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T22:33:11Z","timestamp":1650925991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0308127100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,6]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0308127100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0308127100","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1018029.206644","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1018029.207572","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2003-06-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-02-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}