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MMTV caused B cell activation in C3H\/HeN mice but not in C3H\/HeJ or BALB\/c (C.C3H\n                    <jats:italic>Tlr4<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>lps-d<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    ) congenic mice, both of which have a mutant\n                    <jats:italic>TLR4<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. This activation was independent of viral gene expression, because it occurred after treatment of MMTV with ultraviolet light or 2,2\u2032-dithiodipyridine and in azidothymidine-treated mice. Nuclear extracts prepared from the lymphocytes of MMTV-injected C3H\/HeN but not C3H\/HeJ mice showed increased nuclear factor \u03baB activity. Additionally, the MMTV- and Moloney murine leukemia virus envelope proteins coimmunoprecipitated with TLR4 when expressed in 293T cells. The MMTV receptor failed to coimmunoprecipitate with TLR4, suggesting that MMTV\/TLR4 interaction is independent of virus attachment and fusion. These results identify retroviral proteins that interact with a mammalian toll receptor and show that direct activation by such viruses may initiate\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection pathways.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.042355399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:36:44Z","timestamp":1027679804000},"page":"2281-2286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":297,"title":["Murine retroviruses activate B cells via interaction with toll-like receptor 4"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"John C.","family":"Rassa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology\/Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6142"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer 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