{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T17:35:01Z","timestamp":1772300101652,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"21","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The oomycete\n            <jats:italic>Phytophthora infestans<\/jats:italic>\n            causes late blight, the potato disease that precipitated the Irish famines in 1846 and 1847. It represents a reemerging threat to potato production and is one of &gt;70 species that are arguably the most devastating pathogens of dicotyledonous plants. Nevertheless, little is known about the molecular bases of pathogenicity in these algae-like organisms or of avirulence molecules that are perceived by host defenses. Disease resistance alleles, products of which recognize corresponding avirulence molecules in the pathogen, have been introgressed into the cultivated potato from a wild species,\n            <jats:italic>Solanum demissum<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>R1<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>R3a<\/jats:italic>\n            have been identified. We used association genetics to identify\n            <jats:italic>Avr3a<\/jats:italic>\n            and show that it encodes a protein that is recognized in the host cytoplasm, where it triggers\n            <jats:italic>R3a<\/jats:italic>\n            -dependent cell death.\n            <jats:italic>Avr3a<\/jats:italic>\n            resides in a region of the\n            <jats:italic>P. infestans<\/jats:italic>\n            genome that is colinear with the locus containing avirulence gene\n            <jats:italic>\n              ATR1\n              <jats:sup>NdWsB<\/jats:sup>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            in\n            <jats:italic>Hyaloperonospora parasitica<\/jats:italic>\n            , an oomycete pathogen of\n            <jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic>\n            . Remarkably, distances between conserved genes in these avirulence loci were often similar, despite intervening genomic variation. We suggest that\n            <jats:italic>Avr3a<\/jats:italic>\n            has undergone gene duplication and that an allele evading recognition by\n            <jats:italic>R3a<\/jats:italic>\n            arose under positive selection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500113102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,14]],"date-time":"2005-05-14T00:26:04Z","timestamp":1116030364000},"page":"7766-7771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":389,"title":["An ancestral oomycete locus contains late blight avirulence gene\n            <i>Avr3a<\/i>\n            , encoding a protein that is recognized in the host cytoplasm"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Miles R.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathogen Interactions Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691; Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; and Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences,..."}]},{"given":"Stephen C.","family":"Whisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathogen Interactions Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691; Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; and Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences,..."}]},{"given":"Leighton","family":"Pritchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathogen Interactions Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691; Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; and Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences,..."}]},{"given":"Jorunn I. B.","family":"Bos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathogen Interactions Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691; Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; and Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences,..."}]},{"given":"Eduard","family":"Venter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathogen Interactions Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691; Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; and Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences,..."}]},{"given":"Anna O.","family":"Avrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathogen Interactions Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691; Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; and Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences,..."}]},{"given":"Anne P.","family":"Rehmany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathogen Interactions Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691; Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; and Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences,..."}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"B\u00f6hme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathogen Interactions Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691; Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; and Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences,..."}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathogen Interactions Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691; Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; and Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences,..."}]},{"given":"Inna","family":"Cherevach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathogen Interactions Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691; Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; and Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences,..."}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Hamlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathogen Interactions Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691; Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; and Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences,..."}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathogen Interactions Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691; Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; and Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences,..."}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathogen Interactions Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom; 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