{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T20:02:25Z","timestamp":1771531345689,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Asthma is an inflammatory lung disease, in which conventional CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells producing IL-4\/IL-13 appear to play an obligatory pathogenic role. Here we show, in a mouse model of asthma, that activation of pulmonary IL-4\/IL-13 producing invariant TCR\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells is sufficient for the development of airway hyperreactivity (AHR), a cardinal feature of asthma, in the absence of conventional CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells and adaptive immunity. Respiratory administration of glycolipid antigens that specifically activate NKT cells (\u03b1-GalactosylCeramide and a\n            <jats:italic>Sphingomonas<\/jats:italic>\n            bacterial glycolipid) rapidly induced AHR and inflammation typically associated with protein allergen administration. Na\u00efve MHC class II-deficient mice, which lack conventional CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T but have NKT cells, showed exaggerated baseline AHR and, when challenged with \u03b1-GalactosylCeramide, demonstrated even greater AHR. These studies demonstrate an expanded role for NKT cells, in which NKT cells not only produce cytokines that influence adaptive immunity but also function as critical effector cells that can induce AHR. These results suggest that NKT cells responding to glycolipid antigens, as well as conventional CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells responding to peptide antigens, may be synergistic in the induction of AHR, although in some cases, each may independently induce AHR.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510282103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,15]],"date-time":"2006-02-15T02:44:01Z","timestamp":1139971441000},"page":"2782-2787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["Glycolipid activation of invariant T cell receptor\n            <sup>+<\/sup>\n            NK T cells is sufficient to induce airway hyperreactivity independent of conventional CD4\n            <sup>+<\/sup>\n            T cells"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Everett H.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Division of Immunology, Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, One Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115;"},{"name":"Immunology Program and School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sho","family":"Goya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Division of Immunology, Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, One Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Akbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Division of Immunology, Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, One Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald J.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul B.","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitchell","family":"Kronenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshinori","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8677, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosemarie H.","family":"DeKruyff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Division of Immunology, Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, One Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115;"},{"name":"Immunology Program and School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dale T.","family":"Umetsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Division of Immunology, Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, One Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115;"},{"name":"Immunology Program and School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199201303260504"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5397.2261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5397.2258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35037009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104716"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri854"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03408"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03407"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103440"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104608"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5343.1623"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm851"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.4.1637"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2001.1163"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24762"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","author":"Akbari O.","year":"2006","unstructured":"O. Akbari, J. L. Faul, E. G. Hayte, G. J. Gerry, J. Wahlstr\u00f6m, M. Kronenberg, R. H. DeKruyff, D. T. Umetsu N. Engl. J. Med, in press. (2006).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2004-0010OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535268"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199906)29:06<2014::AID-IMMU2014>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050773"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.12.7238.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jim.2900708"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031946"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200423594"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0603-517"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/1418"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031192"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0602-588"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.3693"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5302.977"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021562"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.2.945"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","first-page":"3702","volume":"8","author":"Giaccone G.","year":"2002","unstructured":"G. Giaccone, C. J. Punt, Y. Ando, R. Ruijter, N. Nishi, M. Peters, H. M. Pinedo Clin. Cancer Res 8, 3702\u20133709 (2002).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0510282103","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T17:51:49Z","timestamp":1649785909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0510282103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,14]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0510282103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0510282103","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-10-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-02-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}