{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T22:09:01Z","timestamp":1761862141470},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Both paramutation and\n            <jats:italic>Mutator<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>Mu<\/jats:italic>\n            ) transposon inactivation involve heritable changes in gene expression without concomitant changes in DNA sequence. The mechanisms by which these shifts in gene activity are achieved are unknown. Here we present evidence that these two phenomena are linked mechanistically. We show that mutation of a gene,\n            <jats:italic>modifier of paramutation 1<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>mop1<\/jats:italic>\n            ), which prevents paramutation at three different loci in maize, can reverse methylation of\n            <jats:italic>Mutator<\/jats:italic>\n            elements reliably. In\n            <jats:italic>mop1<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant backgrounds, methylation of nonautonomous\n            <jats:italic>Mu<\/jats:italic>\n            elements can be reversed even in the absence of the regulatory\n            <jats:italic>MuDR<\/jats:italic>\n            element. Previously silenced\n            <jats:italic>MuDR<\/jats:italic>\n            elements are reactivated sporadically after multiple generations of exposure to\n            <jats:italic>mop1<\/jats:italic>\n            mutations.\n            <jats:italic>MuDR<\/jats:italic>\n            methylation is separable from\n            <jats:italic>MuDR<\/jats:italic>\n            silencing, because removal of methylation does not cause immediate reactivation. The\n            <jats:italic>mop1<\/jats:italic>\n            mutation does not alter the methylation of certain other transposable elements including those just upstream of a paramutable\n            <jats:italic>b1<\/jats:italic>\n            gene. Our results suggest that the\n            <jats:italic>mop1<\/jats:italic>\n            gene acts on a subset of epigenetically regulated sequences in the maize genome and paramutation and\n            <jats:italic>Mu<\/jats:italic>\n            element methylation require a common factor, which we hypothesize influences chromatin structure.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052152199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,28]],"date-time":"2002-07-28T22:26:28Z","timestamp":1027895188000},"page":"6130-6135","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["A mutation that prevents paramutation in maize also reverses\n            <i>Mutator<\/i>\n            transposon methylation and silencing"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Damon","family":"Lisch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, 303 Forbes Hall, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721"}]},{"given":"Charles C.","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, 303 Forbes Hall, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Dorweiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, 303 Forbes Hall, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721"}]},{"given":"Vicki L.","family":"Chandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, 303 Forbes Hall, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.6.1767"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04753.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00330420"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/121.3.591"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81645-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81644-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.12.3.357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.193701"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/133.4.1009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90157-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/129.1.261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.22.10198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/139.4.1777"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.13.2634"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/151.1.331"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/136.3.1157"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"289","volume":"39","author":"Lisch 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