{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:13:01Z","timestamp":1781107981779,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Classic work by Huggins and Hodges demonstrated that human prostate cancer regresses dramatically during antihormonal therapy but recurs frequently with androgen independence. Perturbations in the androgen receptor (AR) and PTEN\u2013AKT signaling axes are significantly correlated with the progression of prostate cancer. Genetic alterations of the AR cause receptor hypersensitivity, promiscuity, and androgen-independent receptor transactivation. Prostate cancers maintain an elevated AKT activity through the loss of PTEN function or the establishment of autocrine signaling by growth factors and cytokines. We used an\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    prostate regeneration system to investigate the biological potency of the potential crosstalk between these two signal transduction pathways. We demonstrate a direct synergy between AKT and AR signaling that is sufficient to initiate and progress na\u00efve adult murine prostatic epithelium to frank carcinoma and override the effect of androgen ablation. Both genotropic and nongenotropic signals mediated by AR are essential for this synergistic effect. However, phosphorylation of AR by AKT at Ser-213 and Ser-791 is not critical for this synergy. These results suggest that more efficient therapeutics for advanced prostate cancer may need to target simultaneously AR signaling and AKT or the growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases that activate AKT.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602567103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,8]],"date-time":"2006-05-08T21:41:15Z","timestamp":1147124475000},"page":"7789-7794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Progression of prostate cancer by synergy of AKT with genotropic and nongenotropic actions of the androgen receptor"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Xin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of *Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Teitell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devon A.","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of *Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo K.","family":"Mellinghoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen N.","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of *Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics,"},{"name":"Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm972"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0104-26"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.13.3.0254"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67867-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.10244"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-2938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.191235898"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408925102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"5038","volume":"61","author":"Gao J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"J. 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