{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:13:15Z","timestamp":1773292395797,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"46","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            We have adapted the avian leukosis virus RCAS (replication-competent avian sarcoma-leukosis virus LTR splice acceptor)-mediated somatic gene transfer technique to introduce oncogenes into mammary cells in mice transgenic for the avian subgroup A receptor gene,\n            <jats:italic>tva<\/jats:italic>\n            , under control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter. Intraductal instillation of an RCAS vector carrying the polyoma middle T antigen (PyMT) gene (RCAS-\n            <jats:italic>PyMT<\/jats:italic>\n            ) induced multiple, oligoclonal tumors within 3 weeks in infected mammary glands of MMTV-\n            <jats:italic>tva<\/jats:italic>\n            transgenic mice. The rapid appearance of these tumors from a relatively small pool of infected cells (estimated to be \u22482 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n            cells per gland by infection with RCAS carrying a GFP gene; RCAS-\n            <jats:italic>GFP<\/jats:italic>\n            ) was accompanied by a high fraction of cells positive for Ki67, Cyclin D1, and c-Myc, implying strong proliferation competence. Furthermore, the tumors displayed greater cellular heterogeneity than did tumors arising in MMTV-\n            <jats:italic>PyMT<\/jats:italic>\n            mice, suggesting that RCAS-\n            <jats:italic>PyMT<\/jats:italic>\n            transforms a relatively immature cell type. Infection of mice transgenic for both MMTV-\n            <jats:italic>Wnt-1<\/jats:italic>\n            and MMTV-\n            <jats:italic>tva<\/jats:italic>\n            with RCAS virus carrying an activated\n            <jats:italic>Neu<\/jats:italic>\n            oncogene dramatically enhanced tumor formation over what is observed in uninfected bitransgenic animals. We conclude that infection of mammary glands with retrovirus vectors is an efficient means to screen candidate oncogenes for their capacity to initiate or promote mammary carcinogenesis in the mouse.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608607103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,8]],"date-time":"2006-11-08T03:59:07Z","timestamp":1162958347000},"page":"17396-17401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Introduction of oncogenes into mammary glands\n            <i>in vivo<\/i>\n            with an avian retroviral vector initiates and promotes carcinogenesis in mouse models"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Breast Center and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Podsypanina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shixia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Breast Center and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Breast Center and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Toneff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Breast Center and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Bogoslovskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Breast Center and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Breast Center and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo C.","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Breast Center and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Fluck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. 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